Mechanism of Graft Damage Caused by NTPDase1-activated Macrophages in Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection

ObjectivesTo investigate the effect and mechanism of macrophage activation and graft damage caused by nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1) in acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR).MethodsAcute AMR was induced in different skin-grafted nude mouse models with wild-type NTPDase1 expression, transgene-enhanced NTPDase1 expression, or NTPDase1 gene knockout. Several methods (eg, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and luciferin/luciferase assays) were used to study (at the histologic and molecular levels) the extracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentration, macrophage proliferation, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression on the surface of macrophages, B-cell activating factor (BAFF) expression in the peripheral blood serum, and the total number of SmIg-positive B cells during acute AMR. The relative activity of NTPDase1 in B cells and epithelial cells, pathologic changes, and the incidence of positive C4d deposition around the capillaries of skin grafts on the different nude mice were studied.ResultsMacrophages proliferated significantly when acute AMR occurred. The higher the NTPDase1 expression level, the lower the extracellular ADP concentration, the expression of MHC class II antigens on the surface of macrophages, the expression of BAFF in the peripheral blood serum, and the total number of SmIg-positive B cells, indicating negative correlations. The relative activity of NTPDase1 in B cells and epithelial cells of the skin graft was different among the different mice. The higher the NTPDase1 expression level, the lower the degree of pathologic damage to the skin graft.ConclusionsImbalance in extracellular ADP degradation by NTPDase1 may promote macrophage activation, and activated macrophages may be an important cause of graft damage.     

An Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Patient Survived Without Hepatic Artery Flow Due to Thrombosis: A Case Report

BackgroundHepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), a serious complication after orthotopic liver transplantation, almost always leads to morbidity and mortality without urgent revascularization or retransplantation, especially if HAT occurs within a few days after transplantation.Case PresentationHerein we describe a case report of an orthotopic liver transplantation patient surviving without hepatic artery flow due to HAT on postoperative day 1. Reanastomosis, thrombectomy, and intra-arterial thrombolysis were performed, but only retrograde arterial flow by Doppler ultrasound, not by angiography, could be demonstrated in the hepatic artery. This case report is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Declaration of Istanbul.ConclusionBased on the evidence from this patient, we believe that patients with failed revascularization can experience a long-term survival with conservative treatment. Retransplantation should be evaluated based on laboratory findings because graft function in individual patients can recover.     

Outcomes of Delayed Graft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients Stratified by Histologic Biopsy Findings

Delayed graft function (DGF) after kidney transplantation is associated with an increased risk of graft failure. We studied the histologic findings among adult kidney transplant recipients transplanted between January 2000 and June 2015 who had DGF and had a kidney biopsy within 14 days of transplant. Death censored graft failure (DCGF) and death at 1 and 3 years after transplant were examined. A total of 269 transplant recipients fulfilled our selection criteria, of which 152 (56.51%) had acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 44 (16.4%) had acute rejection (AR), mainly T-cell mediated rejection (n = 31), 35 (13%) had ATN with AR (mainly T-cell mediated rejection, n = 26), and 38 (14.1%) had other pathology. Compared with those with ATN alone, kidney transplant recipients with AR alone had a significantly higher risk of DCGF at 1 year post transplant (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.70; 95% confidence interval 1.5-9.5; P = .006). Those with AR alone had an increased risk of DCGF at 3 years post transplant (hazard ratio = 3.10; 95% confidence interval 1.3-8.5; P = .01) in crude analyses. There was no association between DGF etiology and mortality. Early renal biopsy can be used to distinguish AR, which has protocolized treatments, from other etiologies. This could potentially alter allograft survival within 1 year of transplant complicated by DGF.     

Sarcopenia Definitions as Predictors of Fracture Risk Independent of FRAX®, Falls,and BMD in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study: A Meta-Analysis

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived appendicular lean mass/height² (ALM/ht²) is the most commonly used estimate of muscle mass in the assessment of sarcopenia, but its predictive value for fracture is substantially attenuated by femoral neck (fn) bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated predictive value of 11 sarcopenia definitions for incident fracture, independent of fnBMD, fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX^®) probability, and prior falls, using an extension of Poisson regression in US, Sweden, and Hong Kong Osteoporois Fractures in Men Study (MrOS) cohorts. Definitions tested were those of Baumgartner and Delmonico (ALM/ht² only), Morley, the International Working Group on Sarcopenia, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1 and 2), Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) 1 and 2 (using ALM/body mass index [BMI], incorporating muscle strength and/or physical performance measures plus ALM/ht²), and Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (gait speed and grip strength). Associations were adjusted for age and time since baseline and reported as hazard ratio (HR) for first incident fracture, here major osteoporotic fracture (MOF; clinical vertebral, hip, distal forearm, proximal humerus). Further analyses adjusted additionally for FRAX-MOF probability (n = 7531; calculated ± fnBMD), prior falls (y/n), or fnBMD T-score. Results were synthesized by meta-analysis. In 5660 men in USA, 2764 Sweden and 1987 Hong Kong (mean ages 73.5, 75.4, and 72.4 years, respectively), sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 35%. Sarcopenia status, by all definitions except those of FNIH, was associated with incident MOF (HR = 1.39 to 2.07). Associations were robust to adjustment for prior falls or FRAX probability (without fnBMD); adjustment for fnBMD T-score attenuated associations. EWGSOP2 severe sarcopenia (incorporating chair stand time, gait speed, and grip strength plus ALM) was most predictive, albeit at low prevalence, and appeared only modestly influenced by inclusion of fnBMD. In conclusion, the predictive value for fracture of sarcopenia definitions based on ALM is reduced by adjustment for fnBMD but strengthened by additional inclusion of physical performance measures. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

完全右半肝-左半肝劈离式肝移植的临床应用:附四例报告

目的探讨完全右半肝-左半肝劈离式肝移植在成人-成人或成人-大体重儿童中的临床应用。方法回顾2019年1月至12月间首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院完成的4例完全右半肝-左半肝劈离式肝移植的供受者临床资料,分析劈离式肝移植的手术方式、冷缺血时间、手术时间、术中输血量,观察患者术后并发症及相关预后。结果4例完全右半肝-左半肝劈离式肝移植的受者包括3例成人和1例大体重儿童(45 kg),年龄范围14~48岁,体重范围45~61 kg,终末期肝病模型评分分别为21、12、41和30分。移植物质量与受者体质量比为0.85%~1.35%。冷缺血时间457~650 min,手术时长460~575 min。4例患者移植术后早期肝功能恢复顺利,均未出现小肝综合征。随访至术后6个月,其中1例出现胆道吻合口漏,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗后治愈;1例出现胆道狭窄,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗后反复胆道感染;1例术后6个月死于肺部感染。结论在严格病例选择的情况下,可以开展完全右半肝-左半肝劈离式肝移植。     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of young people: A comparison between China and the United Kingdom

Purpose: As COVID-19 spreads globally and affects people''s health, there are concerns that the pandemic and control policies may have psychological effects on young people (age from 17 to 35 years). This psychological impact might vary in different countries, and thus we compared the prevalence of selfreported psychological distress, loneliness and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among young people in the United Kingdom (UK) and China at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data of this study came from two sources. One source was the first wave of COVID-19 study in Understanding Society, a special wave of the UK household longitudinal study, which provided the highquality, national-wide representative panel data. The sample comprised 1054 young people. The other source was an online survey on the mental health of 1003 young people from Shanghai, a highly developed area in China. The questionnaire included questions on the prevalence of common mental disorders (cut-off score ≥ 4), loneliness and potential PTSS (cut-off ≥ 33). Univariable analyses were conducted to test the differences in the self-reported prevalence of psychological distress and loneliness between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were run to explore the predictors of psychological distress and loneliness among all the young people from England and Shanghai. Results: Among the samples with self-reported psychological distress, the UK sample accounted for 34.4% (n = 1054) and the Chinese sample accounted for 14.1% (n = 1003). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Additionally, 57.1% of people in the UK and 46.7% in China reported that they sometimes or often felt lonely, of which the difference is statistically significant (p < 0.001). Regression analysis of the entire samples showed that nationality, gender, psychotherapy and loneliness were significant predictors of 12-item General Health Questionnaire scores, while the variables of age and living alone were not. Significant predictors of self-reported loneliness were the nationality, gender, age, living alone and psychotherapy. In China, 123 (12.3%) young people, 49 men (11.3%) and 74 women (13.0%), met the criteria of PTSS symptoms (cut-off scores ≥ 33). These scores were only collected in China. Conclusion: This evidence suggests that mental health and loneliness reported by young people were lower in China than that in the UK during the studied period. More research is needed to understand these differences. If the differential negative psychological impacts are confirmed, country-specific measures of prevention and intervention should be adopted to improve the mental health of young people under the ongoing impact of the pandemic.     

腘窝直接皮动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣转位修复腘窝软组织缺损

目的探讨腘窝直接皮动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣转位修复腘窝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法采用回顾性病例系列研究分析2013年6月至2019年6月,上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院(崇明)收治的9例腘窝软组织缺损患者临床资料,男6例,女3例,年龄25~73岁,平均49.6岁,腘窝缺损创面为6.5 cm×3.5 cm~17.0 cm×8.5 cm。根据解剖学基础,结合腘窝缺损创面的位置、大小、形状,设计并切取腘窝直接皮动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣转位修复腘窝缺损创面,皮瓣面积最大为18.0 cm×10.0 cm,最小为7.5 cm×4.5 cm。根据皮瓣成活、感染控制、弹性色泽、外观形态、供区瘢痕、皮肤感觉、膝关节活动功能、患者认可度等情况,对患者术后疗效进行综合评价。结果 9例皮瓣术后全部顺利成活,供、受区伤口一期愈合,其中2例皮瓣远端发生皮缘坏死,给予换药处理后完全愈合。术后均获6~60个月随访,平均33个月,皮瓣成活优良,形态满意,色泽、弹性、质地与周围正常皮肤接近,供区瘢痕较小。疗效评价:满意8例,一般1例,无不满意。膝关节功能优7例,良1例,可1例。皮瓣肿胀评级,早期:Ⅰ度6例,Ⅱ度2例,Ⅲ度1例,Ⅳ度0例;后期:Ⅰ度8例,Ⅱ度1例,Ⅲ度0例,Ⅳ度0例。结论腘窝直接皮动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣移位修复腘窝缺损创面方法简便、安全可靠、损伤较小,易于推广,是修复腘窝皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法之一。