Ly49 and CD94/NKG2: developmentally regulated expression and evolution

Summary: Murine natural killer (NK) cells express two families of MHC class I-specific receptors, namely the Ly49 family and CD94/NKG2 heterodimers. Stochastic co-expression of these receptors generates diverse receptor repertoires in adult NK-cell populations, whereas fetal NK cells have much more limited receptor diversity as they mostly express CD94/NKG2A but not Ly49. These receptors are also expressed on CD8⁺ T cells and NK1.1⁺ T cells and regulate their functions, but their expression pattern on NK cells is significantly different from those on T cells. Thus, expression of Ly49 and CD94/NKG2 is developmentally regulated. NK cells acquire the Ly49 family of receptors in an orderly manner as they differentiate from bone marrow progenitors in vitro . Similarly, acquisition of CD94 and NKG2 by NK cells as they differentiate from embryonic stem cells is also orderly. To gain insight into the mechanisms regulating Ly49 expression, potential regulatory regions of several Ly49 genes have been examined. Ly49 genes with different expression patterns have remarkably similar sequences in the putative regulatory regions. Finally, a functional Ly49 gene has been identified in baboon, and primate comparisons suggest that functional extinction of the Ly49 gene in the human lineage seems to have been a relatively recent event.
This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute of Canada and the Medical Research Council of Canada with core support from the BC Cancer Agency. KM and BW were supported by studentships from the University of British Columbia and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. RL is a recipient of a Leukemia Research Fund of Canada fellowship. SL was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪治疗难治性强迫症临床分析

目的比较利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪对难治性强迫症的临床疗效及不良反应。方法用前瞻性、随机单盲法,将28例难治性强迫症患者随机分为利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪组和氯丙咪嗪组（n=14）,疗程10周。在疗前,疗后2、4、6、8、10周末用Yale-Brown强迫量表（Y-BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、副反应量表（TESS）和临床疗效评定标准评定疗效及不良反应。结果利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪组起效快,第2周末各分值与治疗前比较,差异有显著性（P＆lt;0.05）。两组从第4周末始各分值与治疗前比较,差异均有极显著性（P＆lt;0.01）。第4、6、8、10周两组间各分值比较,差异均有显著性（P＆lt;0.05）。利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪组总体疗效优于氯丙咪嗪组,两组有效率差异有显著性（P＆lt;0.05）,两组不良反应差异无显著性（P＆gt;0.05）。结论利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪治疗难治性强迫症较单用氯丙咪嗪好,且起效快,值得临床应用。     

Effect of caffeine on parameters of osteoblast growth and differentiation of a mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro.

The effects of caffeine exposure on bone formation were examined using a chick osteoblast culture system. Secondary cultures of normal diploid osteoblasts were exposed to chronic doses of 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mM caffeine beginning on day 0 through day 28. Neither the rate of cell proliferation nor cell number, as measured by total DNA, was decreased for any of the doses examined. In contrast, osteocalcin levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total calcium levels showed a dose-related decrease in cultures treated with caffeine. These parameters were significantly decreased at the highest dose of 0.4 mM. The reduction in total protein levels ranged from 29 to 66% of control values and was independent of dose. In contrast, total collagen levels were more affected by the dose of caffeine used. Inhibition of collagen levels was most apparent on days 17 and 21, time points during the period of active formation of the matrix immediately preceding the deposition of mineral. By day 28 collagen levels in cultures exposed to the lower doses of caffeine had returned to control levels, and only the cultures exposed to the highest dose (0.4 mM) remained significantly inhibited with respect to both collagen and mineral. Histochemically, alkaline phosphatase and mineral staining of day 28 cultures mirrored the biochemical events with the 0.4 mM caffeine exposure. The results indicate that one of the effects of caffeine on bone development is to inhibit the formation of a competent extracellular matrix during the osteoblast differentiation sequence, which results in the inhibition of mineralization analogous to the delayed ossification observed in fetal animals after prenatal caffeine exposure.     

洛美沙星与环丙沙星治疗急性细菌性感染疗效比较

目的:比较洛美沙星与环丙沙星治疗急性细菌性感染的临床疗效和安全性.方法:144例患者随机分成两组,治疗组72例,用洛美沙星注射液0.2～0.4 g,iv,qd,疗程7～10 d;对照组72例,用环丙沙星注射液0.2～0.4 g,iv,bid,疗程7～10 d.结果:总有效率、致病菌清除率治疗组分别为88.9%,86.1%,对照组分别为84.7%,80.6%,不良反应的发生率治疗组和对照组分别为5.6%,6.9%.结论:洛美沙星是一个安全、有效的抗菌药物.洛美沙星比环丙沙星给药方便.     

磁共振转运培养箱用于新生儿头颅磁共振检查的多中心前瞻性随机对照研究

目的 评价磁共振（MRI）转运培养箱用于新生儿头颅MRI检查的安全性和有效性。方法 将120例在3家医院住院且需行头颅MRI检查的新生儿随机分为对照组和试验组（n=60）。试验组使用磁共振转运培养箱转运后，于转运培养箱内行头颅MRI检查；对照组使用普通暖箱转运后，在暖箱外行MRI检查。采集患儿主要有效性指标（检查时间）、次要有效性指标（检查次数、首次使用日MRI完成率），安全性指标（不良事件发生率和生命体征情况）进行统计学比较分析。结果 两组患儿MRI检查时间、MRI检查次数及首次使用日MRI完成率比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组患儿不良事件发生率及检查前后不同时期呼吸频率、心率、血压、血氧饱和度等生命体征比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 磁共振转运培养箱的使用未能显著缩短检查时间，但其提供了一个相对稳定的检查环境，且具有可接受的安全性，可在更大样本人群中进一步研究。     

同指背侧转移皮瓣的临床应用

目的 介绍一种指端离断后以瓣转移重建指端的方法。方法 应用同指远侧指间关节背侧转移皮瓣修复指端离断26例28指。结果 随访3－16个月，所有皮瓣均成活，伤指残端都有指甲生长，远侧指间关节活动范围满意。结论 同指远侧指间关节背侧转移皮瓣是修复指离断的一种较好的方法，具有操作简单，手术速度快，创伤小，效果好等优点。     

霉酚酸酯治疗IV型狼疮性肾炎的疗效观察与护理研究

目的 观察新型免疫抑制剂酶酚酸酯（ＭＭＦ）治疗Ⅳ型狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）的疗效，找出其治疗期间的有效护理方法。方法 ２３例经肾活栓主宰的Ⅳ型ＮＬ患者， 接受传统免疫抑制剂或其它治疗无效或复发，必用ＭＭＦ治疗，其中，２１例联合使用小剂量激素，ＭＭＦ剂量：０．２５￣２．０ｇ／ｄ。结果 经ＭＭＦ治疗１２个月后，８例肾功能不全者５例肾功能恢复正常，３例需透析者摆脱了透析；尿蛋白下降超过基础值５０％者占１００％     

肉桂醛微胶囊的制备工艺

研究了以阿拉伯树胶和麦芽糊精为壁材 ,喷雾干燥法制备微胶囊化肉桂醛的工艺条件 .探讨了壁材组成、乳化剂用量、固形物质量分数、芯壁比、进风温度、进料速度、喷射压力等对微胶囊化效果的影响 .经过正交试验 ,确定了最佳工艺条件 .实验结果表明 ,阿拉伯胶和麦芽糊精的最佳质量配比为 1∶1,蒸馏单甘酯的用量为 0 .4 g/dL ,固形物质量分数为 4 0 % ,芯材与壁材的配比为 1mL∶10 g ,肉桂醛微胶囊化的最佳喷雾干燥条件为进风温度 2 2 5℃ ,进料流量 2 10mL/h ,喷射压力0 .18MPa .实验还表明 ,肉桂醛微胶囊产品有一定的缓释抑菌效果 .     

脊柱转移癌新生血管形成与预后关系

目的 :探讨新生血管形成和脊柱转移癌预后之间的关系。方法 :应用免疫组化技术 ,检测 77例人脊柱转移癌组织血管内皮细胞生长因子 (vascular endothelial cell growth factor,VEGF)、VEGF受体 1(flm s- like tyrosine kinase,FL T)、VEGF受体 2 (kinase insertdomain containing receptor,FL K- 1)表达和微血管密度 (microvessels density,MVD)计数。采用 Spearm an等级相关判断 VEGF、FL K- 1、FL T表达之间及与 MVD计数之间的关系 ,以 COX回归分析判别 VEGF、FL K- 1、FL T表达与预后的关系。 结果 :VEGF、FL T、FL K- 1主要表达于转移癌细胞。新生血管形成多位于转移癌的侵袭性边缘。MVD计数 4 .2～ 5 6 .4 (2 1.6 3± 10 .95 )个。FL K- 1、FL T、VEGF表达和 MVD计数之间均呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。平均随访时间 15 .6个月(5 .2～ 36个月 ) ,3年生存率为 6 .98%。COX回归分析表明 VEGF、FL K- 1表达及 MVD计数为影响脊柱转移癌患者预后的重要因素 (P<0 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1) ,其中 VEGF表达上调对患者生存的影响最大。 结论 :新生血管生成对脊柱转移癌患者预后有重要影响