A comparison of the effects of oral nadolol and topical timolol on intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate.

We compared the effects of oral nadolol 20 mg once daily and topical timolol 0.25% twice daily on the intraocular pressures of 22 glaucoma suspects, in a 12 week double-masked crossover study. Both nadolol and timolol reduced intraocular pressure (p less than 0.001). The reductions in intraocular pressure did not differ significantly after two weeks and four weeks of treatment. Nine of these subjects underwent treadmill exercise tests in order to compare the effects of nadolol and timolol on the cardiovascular system. The effects of the two treatments on blood pressure were comparable, but nadolol caused a significantly greater reduction in heart rate than timolol at rest (p less than 0.05). Nadolol reduces intraocular pressure effectively and may prove a useful alternative treatment for chronic simple glaucoma.     

Liver lesion detection,characterization, and effect on patient management: Comparison of single-phase spiral CT and current MR techniques

This study compares liver lesion detection, characterization, and effect on patient management between single-phase spiral CT and MRI using spoiled gradient echo (SGE), T2-weighted fat-suppressed spin echo, and serial post gadolinium SGE. All patients with suspected liver lesions who underwent spiral CT and MRI within a 1-month period between January 1993 and September 1996 were included in the study. Spiral CT and MRI were interpreted prospectively in a blinded fashion by separate individual experienced investigators, and lesion detection and characterization were determined. Confirmation was obtained by surgery (6 patients), biopsy (18 patients), imaging follow-up (36 patients), or combined reading of all imaging studies and clinical follow-up (29 patients). Effect on patient management was determined by combined chart review and interview of the patients' physicians and by retrospective clinical assessment performed by a surgical oncologist and medical oncologist separately. Eighty-nine patients were included in the study. Regarding true positive lesion detection, 295 and 519 lesions were detected on spiral CT and MR images, respectively, which was significantly different on a patient-by-patient basis (P < .001). More lesions were detected on MR than on spiral CT in 44 of 89 patients (49.4%), and 11 of these 44 patients had lesions shown on MRI in whom no lesions were apparent on CT images. No patients had true positive lesions shown on spiral CT that were not shown on MRI. Regarding lesion characterization, 129 and 466 lesions were characterized on spiral CT and MRI images, respectively, which was significantly different on a patient-by-patient basis (P < .001). More lesions were characterized on MR than CT images in 67 patients (75.3%). Regarding effect on patient management, chart review with physician interview demonstrated that findings on MRI provided information that altered patient management as compared with findings on spiral CT in 57 patients. Retrospective clinical evaluation by the surgical and medical oncologist showed that MRI was considered to have a greater effect on patient management than spiral CT in 58 and 55 patients, respectively. Comparing current MRI technique to single-phase spiral CT, MRI detected more lesions in 49.4% and characterized more lesions in 75.3% of patients investigated for focal liver disease. MRI had a greater effect on patient management in each of the three methods than singlephase spiral CT in more than 61% of patients.     

Immunology of the bladder.

Immunobiology techniques that once were the domain of research are increasingly being applied in the clinic. Transitional epithelium of the bladder undergoes some recognized immunologic changes as it becomes malignant, and their detection may have prognostic value. Examples of such changes are deletion of the ABO(H) blood group antigens, inappropriate expression of Lewis antigens, loss of beta-2 microglobulin and the MHC class 1 heavy chain, and alterations in the production of cellular adhesion molecules and integrins. Other possibly useful markers are ras oncogene products, Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen, epidermal growth factor receptor, and perhaps antigens unique to transitional-cell carcinoma.     

The relationship among receptive and expressive vocabulary, listening comprehension, pre-reading skills, word identification skills, and reading comprehension by children with reading disabilities.

PURPOSE: Some researchers (F. R. Vellutino, F. M. Scanlon, & M. S. Tanzman, 1994) have argued that the different domains comprising language (e.g., phonology, semantics, and grammar) may influence reading development in a differential manner and at different developmental periods. The purpose of this study was to examine proposed causal relationships among different linguistic subsystems and different measures of reading achievement in a group of children with reading disabilities. METHODS: Participants were 279 students in 2nd to 3rd grade who met research criteria for reading disability. Of those students, 108 were girls and 171 were boys. In terms of heritage, 135 were African and 144 were Caucasian. Measures assessing pre-reading skills, word identification, reading comprehension, and general oral language skills were administered. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling analyses indicated receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge was independently related to pre-reading skills. Additionally, expressive vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension skills were found to be independently related to word identification abilities. CONCLUSION: Results are consistent with previous research indicating that oral language skills are related to reading achievement (e.g., A. Olofsson & J. Niedersoe, 1999; H. S. Scarborough, 1990). Results from this study suggest that receptive and expressive vocabulary knowledge influence pre-reading skills in differential ways. Further, results suggest that expressive vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension skills facilitate word identification skills.     

Remodeling Adult Nursing

This article describes a nursing education experience in which a critical thinking approach was planned and implemented. Background discussion on critical thinking concepts and related research provides a foundation for presentation of the Mackie teaching model. The model uses a community-based, family-centered scenario as the basis for developing problemfocused nursing intervention skills from a holistic viewpoint. Role expectations of students and faculty are outlined, and related implementation difficulties, together with their resolution strategies, are described. Evaluation methods and outcomes are reviewed in the conclusion.     

Intradermal capsaicin causes dose-dependent pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia in humans.

BACKGROUND: Intradermal capsaicin is a human pain model that produces reliable pain and sensitization. This model facilitates controlled testing of analgesic efficacy via a crossover design while minimizing confounding variables in clinical pain states and retaining sufficient power with small samples. METHODS: To determine the lowest dose of capsaicin that produces consistent neurosensory measures, we administered 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 microg to healthy volunteers in a blinded manner (N = 19). Pain scores were recorded at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 60 minutes on a visual analog scale from 0 to 100. Areas and intensities of mechanical allodynia (foam brush stimulus) and pinprick hyperalgesia (von Frey test) were quantified at 15 and 60 minutes, as were flare areas. RESULTS: Capsaicin produced dose-dependent increases in spontaneous pain (p = .013), the area and intensity of mechanical allodynia (p = .006 and p < .001, respectively), the area and intensity of pinprick hyperalgesia (p = .010 and p = .014, respectively), and the flare area (p = .010). The 10 microg dose produced greater spontaneous pain than the 1 microg dose (p = .017). The 100 microg dose produced greater spontaneous pain than the 10 microg, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The 10 and 100 microg capsaicin doses produced robust pain measures across a range of modalities, and lower doses produced minimal effects. Whereas most studies use 100 microg, using a lower dose is reasonable and may facilitate detection of subtle analgesic effects--particularly with nonopioid analgesics--and drugs can be tested in lower doses, minimizing adverse side effects.