Education of dentists in China

China is geographically located in the east of Asia and its population exceeds 1.3 billion. An understanding of dental education in China is thus of interest. However, as there is little published information on this topic, this paper provides information about China regarding its dental history, dental school system including curriculum and dental licensure. High school graduates take a nationwide entrance examination to apply for dental school, of which there are more than 50 in China. A five year dental education leads to the BDS degree. Dental school graduates must then pass the nationwide licensure examination to practise dentistry. Currently, there are not adequate numbers of dentists to provide the necessary oral health care for people living outside metropolitan areas.     

Zygomaticomandibularis muscle

The aim of this study was to elucidate the precise anatomy of the zygomaticomandibularis muscle through cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Five fresh human cadavers and 10 fixed cadavers were dissected. Nine preserved human cadavers were used for the MRI study. Four volunteers took MRIs of their head as well. Zygomaticomandibularis muscle was found in all the cadaveric specimens. It is a fan shaped muscle. The length of the muscle is 25.1 +/- 4.6 mm, and the width at the zygomatic arch is 16.6 +/- 4.2 mm. The thickness is approximately 4.8 +/- 1.9 mm. It originates from the deep layer of the deep temporal fascia approximately 1 cm above the zygomatic arch and is inserted into the superior border and outer surface of the mandible between the coronoid process and mandibular notch. The deepest layer of the masseter muscle covers the lateral surface of zygomaticomandibularis. We believe that this muscle functions as coordinator of the temporalis and masseter in mammals with strong masticatory power but is a degraded or rudimentary muscle in humans.     

低强度激光治疗颞下颌关节紊乱病的疗效评价

目的 评估低强度激光(LLLT)疗颞下颌关节痛的效果.方法 将颞下颌关节痛的患者按随机、双盲原则分为激光组(n=21)和对照组(n=21),每位患者均接受连续6d、每天1次的激光或假激光治疗.在治疗前、治疗后、治疗后1月、治疗后2月14个时点对患者的疼痛程度、功能状态进行测量和评估.结果 2组中疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS...     

The dynamics in implantation for patients with clefts.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stresses and strains of an endosseous dental implant in patients with different types of cleft palate in a finite element model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven three-dimensional (3D) maxillary models were designed on a personal computer according to computed tomography slice data obtained from seven dry skulls. Next, computer-aided modification was performed on each model to produce three other 3D models with different cleft patterns. Thus, four model types with different cleft patterns were designed and termed NORM (without cleft), ALVEOLAR (only alveolar cleft), PALATAL (only palatal cleft), and COMPLETE (complete cleft). An implant was embedded into the molar region of each model, and a 300-N vertical load and 50-N horizontal load were applied to simulate mastication. Under these conditions, the stresses occurring at the implant-bone interface were calculated by finite element analysis. RESULTS: Different stress patterns were observed between the models with a palatal cleft (PALATAL and COMPLETE) and those without palatal cleft (NORM and ALVEOLAR). Regarding vertical load application, greater stresses occurred in PALATAL and COMPLETE types than in NORM and ALVEOLAR types. On application of a horizontal load, though the stresses did not show quantitative difference, their vector patterns differed. CONCLUSION: In patients with palatal clefts, characteristic stress patterns occur on the bone-implant interface during mastication. This should be taken into consideration when performing an implant treatment in patients with clefts.     

白细胞介素-1单核苷酸多态性与甘肃回族、东乡族人群慢性牙周炎的相关性研究

目的 通过检测并分析白细胞介素(IL)-1B+3954位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),探索其与甘肃回族与东乡族人群慢性牙周炎的关系.方法 收集215例回族、东乡族慢性牙周炎患者及219例正常对照组健康者的静脉血,提取外周静脉血白细胞DNA,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCR-RFLP)方法检测IL-1...     

Establishment of cell free conversion system with biotin-labelled recombinant PrPsen expressed in E. coli

Objective To report a protocol using biotin-labelled PrP protein in cell free conversion assay instead of isotope. Methods A hamster PrP protein （HaPrP） was expressed in E. coli and purified with HIS-tag affinity chromatograph. After being labelled with biotin, HaPrP was mixed with PrP^sen preparation from scrapie strain 263K. Results Protease-resistant bands were detected after four-day incubation. Conclusion The new conversion model provides a reliable, easily handling, and environment-friendly method for studies of prion and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.     

Comparative Study of the Genetic Diversity,Antimicrobial Resistance,and Pathogenicity of Aeromonas Isolates from Clinical Patients and Healthy Individuals

Objective This study was performed to compare the genetic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas strains isolated from patients and healthy individuals. Methods A total of 38 clinical strains and 19 strains from healthy individuals were isolated from the samples collected in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province. Their taxonomy was investigated using concatenated gyrB-cpn60 sequences, and their resistance to 12 antibiotics was evaluated. The pathogenicity of these strains was examined through beta-hemolysis, protease activity, and virulence gene assays. Results The 57 Aeromonas strains were divided into 55 sequence types. Of these types, 21 were novel, suggesting that their genetic diversity was high. These Aeromonas isolates could be divided into 7 species, and the positive rates of beta-hemolysis and protease activity were 49.1％ and 73.7％, respectively. The detection rate of clinical patients in terms of beta-hemolysis and protease activity was higher than that of healthy individuals. Among the four most common Aeromonas strains, A. dhakensis had the highest detection rate of virulence genes. The multidrug resistance rate of the clinical isolates was much higher than that of the strains isolated from healthy individuals. Conclusions The taxonomy, virulence properties, and antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas isolates from patients differ from those of the isolates from healthy individuals.     

A Risk Prediction Model for Ischemic Stroke in Southern Chinese Population: Impact of Multiple Genetic Variants and Clinical/Lifestyle Factors

With a global prevalence of 7.7 million, ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. In China, IS alone contributed to 69.6％? of stroke events and accounted for 37.1％? of the mortality/disability rate[1]. IS is a complex disease that is known to be associated?with?various?genetic?variants?and?clinical and lifestyle risk factors[2]. Genome -wide association studies (GWAS) provided evidence for the?occurrence?of?more?than?160?IS-associated?single nucleotide?polymorphisms?(SNPs).?In?terms?of?clinical risk factors, patients with a history of chronic diseases like hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, display a higher risk of developing IS. Among the various lifestyle components, leading a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and having an unhealthy diet are known to be associated with the risk of IS. Thus, integration of various genetic, clinical, and lifestyle variables might prove to be highly beneficial in the prediction and prevention of IS?at?the?individual?level[3].     

甲状旁腺激素水平在原发性醛固酮增多症及肾上腺无功能瘤患者鉴别诊断中的应用价值

背景 原发性醛固酮增多症(primary?aldosteronism,PA)是继发性高血压的常见病因,PA的分型中以醛固酮瘤(aldosterone-producing?adenoma,APA)和特发性醛固酮增多症(idiopathic?aldosteronism,IHA)最为常见.PA患者与肾上腺无功能瘤(nonfunctional?adrenal?tumors,NFAT)患者血清甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid?hormone,PTH)水平存在差异,不同亚型PA患者血清PTH水平也存在差异.目的 比较PA与NFAT患者以及APA与IHA患者血清PTH水平的差异,并分析影响PTH的因素,探讨PTH在PA及NFAT患者鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 收集解放军总医院第一医学中心2016?-2020年收治的PA患者414例[女176例,男238例;平均年龄(50.90?±?10.40)岁;APA患者263例,IHA患者151例]和NFAT患者275例[女112例,男163例;平均年龄(52.74?±?11.20)岁]的临床资料.比较PA与NFAT患者以及APA与IHA患者血清PTH、血电解质、尿电解质、血浆肾素、血浆醛固酮、尿醛固酮水平的差异.采用Pearson相关性分析探讨影响PTH的因素.分析PTH鉴别PA与NFAT以及APA与IHA的最佳切点.结果 PA患者中位PTH水平明显高于NFAT患者[64.82(62.36,67.28)?pg/mL?vs?45.23(35.02,54.74)?pg/mL,P?相似文献