体温测量时间的研究与护理对策

体温，也称体核温度，是指身体内部胸腔、腹腔和中枢神经的温度；其特点是相对稳定且较皮肤温度高。测量体温的目的是判断体温有无异常；动态监测体温变化，分析热型及相伴症状；协助诊断，为预防、治疗、康复、护理提供依据。目前，体温的测量部位主要有直肠、口腔和腋窝。测直肠温度时，将温度计插入直肠3cm以上，一般测量温度为3min。口腔（舌下部）是广泛采用的测温部位，其特点是所测温度值比较准确，测量也较为方便；但对不能配合的病人，如婴幼儿、精神异常、昏迷、口腔疾患等病人不宜测口温。腋窝皮肤表面温度较低，只有让被测者将上臂紧贴其胸廓，使腋窝紧闭形成人工体腔，机体内部的热量才能逐渐传导过来，使腋窝的温度逐渐升高至接近于体核的温度水平。因此测定腋窝温度时，时间至少需要10min左右。测量腋下体温操作方便，但存在的缺点是由于腋下测温是通过皮肤测量温度，故较其他两种方式所需的测量时间较长。     

大鼠心肌梗死后心肌炎症与骨髓干细胞归巢于缺血心肌的关系

目的:分析大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌组织炎症与骨髓干细胞归巢于缺血心肌的关系。方法:实验于2005-05在西安交通大学动物实验中心完成。①选取清洁级健康雄性SD大鼠128只,取8只大鼠作为正常对照组,剩余120只大鼠随机数字表法分为单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组、地塞米松干预组、假手术组,40只/组。②单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组、地塞米松干预组建立急性心肌梗死模型,假手术组在左前降支挂线不结扎,正常对照组不进行任何手术。③单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组、地塞米松干预组、假手术组大鼠于造模前连续5d皮下注射粒单细胞集落刺激因子50μg/(kg·d)。地塞米松干预组于造模后1h一次性给予地塞米松500μg/kg肌注。④各组大鼠于造模后1,3,5,10d免疫组化观察心肌组织中ckit阳性细胞数及肿瘤坏死因子的表达。造模后28d进行梗死灶组织形态学观察。结果:128只SD大鼠全部进入结果分析。①术后28d各组心肌梗死灶组织形态学观察结果:单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组心内膜下有完整的心肌结构,心肌细胞排列整齐,中层由从梗死区边缘伸向斑痕区的心肌组织和结缔组织组成;地塞米松干预组心内膜下仅有散在的心肌细胞,心内膜与心外膜之间的结缔组织稀薄,中层未见有心肌组织;假手术组心脏结构完整未见瘢痕组织。②术后不同时间点各组ckit多克隆抗体特异性免疫组化染色结果:术后1,3,5d各时相点,以单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组ckit 细胞密度最大,地塞米松干预组ckit 细胞明显受到抑制(P<0.01);术后10d两组梗死区周边均未发现ckit 细胞。假手术组术后各时间点均未见ckit 细胞。③术后不同时间点各组肿瘤坏死因子的表达情况:地塞米松干预组术后1,3,5,10d各时间点肿瘤坏死因子表达均显著低于单纯粒单细胞集落刺激因子组(P<0.01),而假手术组未发现有肿瘤坏死因子表达。结论:心肌损伤后的炎症反应是骨髓干细胞归巢的先决条件,炎症抑制后限制了骨髓干细胞归巢。提示骨髓干细胞归巢于缺血心肌是机体潜在的修复机能。     

应用全颌曲面断层片判断牙周炎骨密度和预测下颌角骨折风险的研究

目的：应用一种新的全颌曲面断层分析方法来判断牙周炎组和正常组之间的相对骨密度（RBD）的差异,并预测下颌角骨折的风险.方法：回顾性研究60例牙周炎患者和60例正常组病例,应用全颌曲面断层片比较其相对骨密度（RBD）.同时,调查所有患者的下颌角骨折病史并做记录.结果：牙周炎组和正常组之间的三个RDB指数的差异有明显统计学意义.正常组有3例下颌角骨折患者,牙周炎组有8例下颌角骨折病例.两组下颌角骨折患者RBD指数均相对较低.结论：牙周炎组和正常组的RBD指数之间具有明显统计学意义,RBD指数可以作为普通全颌曲面断层片的一种新的分析方法.可用做牙周炎的筛选工作,并在一定程度上可以预测发生下颌角骨折的风险.     

Biomechanical evaluation of maxillary Lefort Ι fracture with bioabsorbable osteosynthesis internal fixation

The aim of this study was to apply biomechanical analysis model to evaluate the effects of bioabsorbable internal fixation devices on maxillary Lefort Ι fracture. CT scan technology and the finite element software (ansys ) were used to establish three‐dimensional finite element models of five resorbable internal fixation devices in maxillary Lefort Ι fractures. We used the model to calculate the stress of the upper jaw and internal fixation. We further analyzed the stability of fixation under four occlusions. The fixation using two bioabsorbable plates was not stable. The zygomaticomaxillary pillars fixation is more stable than other fixations. The stability of fracture fixation was influenced with the molar occlusion. The current study developed a functional three‐dimensional finite element model of bioabsorbable internal fixation and compared the stability of five fixation methods for maxillary Lefort Ι fractures. The results would facilitate the application of bioabsorbable materials in dental clinic.     

Systematic determination of absolute absorption cross-section of individual carbon nanotubes

Optical absorption is the most fundamental optical property characterizing light–matter interactions in materials and can be most readily compared with theoretical predictions. However, determination of optical absorption cross-section of individual nanostructures is experimentally challenging due to the small extinction signal using conventional transmission measurements. Recently, dramatic increase of optical contrast from individual carbon nanotubes has been successfully achieved with a polarization-based homodyne microscope, where the scattered light wave from the nanostructure interferes with the optimized reference signal (the reflected/transmitted light). Here we demonstrate high-sensitivity absorption spectroscopy for individual single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining the polarization-based homodyne technique with broadband supercontinuum excitation in transmission configuration. To our knowledge, this is the first time that high-throughput and quantitative determination of nanotube absorption cross-section over broad spectral range at the single-tube level was performed for more than 50 individual chirality-defined single-walled nanotubes. Our data reveal chirality-dependent behaviors of exciton resonances in carbon nanotubes, where the exciton oscillator strength exhibits a universal scaling law with the nanotube diameter and the transition order. The exciton linewidth (characterizing the exciton lifetime) varies strongly in different nanotubes, and on average it increases linearly with the transition energy. In addition, we establish an empirical formula by extrapolating our data to predict the absorption cross-section spectrum for any given nanotube. The quantitative information of absorption cross-section in a broad spectral range and all nanotube species not only provides new insight into the unique photophysics in one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, but also enables absolute determination of optical quantum efficiencies in important photoluminescence and photovoltaic processes.Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), a model one-dimensional nanomaterial system, constitute a rich family of structures (1). Each single-walled nanotube structure, uniquely defined by the chiral index (n,m), exhibits distinct electrical and optical properties (2–5). Quantitative information of SWNT absorption cross-section is highly desirable for understanding nanotube electronic structures, for evaluating quantum efficiency of nanotube photoluminescence (5, 6) and photocurrent (7–9), and for investigating the unique many-body effects in 1D systems (10–16). Despite its obvious importance, reliable experimental determination of nanotube absorption cross-section at the single-tube level is still challenging (17). Previous absorption measurements on ensemble nanotube samples only provide averaged behavior (18–20). Recent absorption studies of individual nanotubes, suffering from small absorption signals and/or slow laser-frequency scanning, cannot determine the absolute absorption cross-section and are limited in achievable spectral range (15, 21–23).We demonstrate here a high-sensitivity polarization-based homodyne method to measure nanotube absorption spectra. By manipulating the light polarization, we enhanced the nanotube-induced transmission contrast, ΔI/I, by two orders of magnitude, and this enhanced transmission contrast can be quantitatively related to nanotube absorption cross-section along and perpendicular to the nanotube axis. Using this polarization control together with supercontinuum laser source, we realized high-throughput and broadband absorption measurements at the single-tube level; combined with electron diffraction technique on the same tube, it enables absolute determination of absorption cross-sections of individual chirality-defined nanotubes, to our knowledge for the first time. We obtained quantitative absorption spectra of over 50 SWNTs of different chiralities, and established a phenomenological formula for absorption cross-sections of different nanotubes. The chirality-dependent nanotube absorption spectra reveal unique 1D photophysics in nanotubes, including a universal scaling behavior of exciton oscillator strength and of exciton resonance linewidth.