Ileoanal reservoir for ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis

Although total proctocolectomy with permanent ileostomy is regarded as the definitive therapy for ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis, psychologic and physical complications with this operation have stimulated the development of the operation of total abdominal colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, ileal reservoir, and ileoanal anastomosis as an alternative surgical procedure. Since 1980, 104 of these operative procedures have been completed with no operative mortality; experience has been gained with both the J- and S-type reservoirs. Despite an appreciable number of postoperative complications, satisfactory function of the reservoir has been achieved in 86 of 91 patients followed up for at least three months after closure of the ileostomy. The remaining five patients have required reinstitution of fecal diversion. Functional results have not differed between two-limbed and three-limbed reservoirs. This operation must be considered a viable alternative in patients with ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis.     

Maintaining family planning acceptance levels through development incentives in Northeastern Thailand

The results of a two-year longitudinal study of the effect that development program incentives have upon family planning in Northeastern Thailand are presented. These incentives, implemented by the Population and Community Development Association, Thailand, included animal raising and agricultural, home industry, and environmental activities. An experimental design including baseline and follow-up surveys supplemented by a continuous monitoring system was utilized to test hypotheses on the family planning impacts of the incentives. Findings indicate that the incentives contributed significantly to the maintenance of high levels of family planning practice through the program period 1982-1984.     

The simultaneous determination of chloroformates and phosgene at low concentrations in air using a solid sorbent sampling--gas chromatographic procedure

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of a number of reactive chloroformates and phosgene in air at low concentration levels. The procedure utilized the collection of air containing these contaminants on a di-n-butylamine-coated solid adsorbent. After samples were taken, the carbamate and urea derivatives were desorbed with hexane, washed with 1N HCl and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The procedure provided an accurate exposure level for each of the desired compounds on a time-weighted average basis. Average recovery efficiencies ranged from 98% to 106%, with an average detection limit of 0.7 micrograms or 0.08 ppm v/v in 1.5 L of air. More recent tests have extended the use of the technique to include carboxylic acid chlorides--specifically, pivalic acid chloride and 3-chloropivalic acid chloride. The average recovery efficiency for these compounds was 69%.     

Design of clinical trials for chronic diseases: implications for periodontal disease

In order to make effective use of the statistical theory of design of clinical trials for chronic diseases such as periodontal disease, certain issues must be considered. Any clinical trial requires that the disease definition be well-specified; that patient eligibility be explicit; that the observation times be explicit; that the duration and endpoint of therapy be specified; that the duration of subsequent followup observation be specified; and that the unit of observation (e.g., tooth, set of teeth, patient) be defined. In a chronic disease, the potential biases that can readily be introduced by self-selection of patients who enter the trial and/or who return for subsequent observation become more important, because subjects are required to remain on treatment and/or observation for prolonged periods. Further, the cyclical nature of some chronic diseases may require special attention to baseline definitions of active disease and disease outcome. These issues are illustrated with examples from clinical trials of hypertension, breast cancer screening, and Polycythemia Vera. Implications for periodontal disease are discussed.     

Forced Contact between Antigen-Presenting Cells and T Cells: Consequences for T-Cell Activation

It is still not known how T cells are activated, which T-cell surface structures transmit activation signals, and if antigen-presenting cells possess activation structures for T cells. We have studied whether the T-cell receptor (TcR) must be engaged for T-cell activation to occur. By using membrane-incorporated monoclonal antibodies, we artificially forced T cells to bind to antigen-presenting cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction system and thereby bypassed the need for TcR engagement and also made it possible for any surface molecule on antigen-presenting cells to deliver a stimulatory signal to the T cells. Theoretically, T cells would become polyclonally activated by this procedure. However, we found that they did not, even though they were intimately bound to the antigen-presenting cell, thus demonstrating that the TcR must participate in antigen/MHC binding in order for the T cells to become activated. This study does not exclude the possibility that antigen-presenting cells possess structures that can activate T cells.     

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in childhood. A clinicopathological study of six cases

A review of the pathological material from 42 children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma seen over a 44 month period revealed 10 large cell tumours. Of these, six were classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma, an entity rarely reported in childhood. Three patients were boys and three girls (median age 9.5 years), and extranodal presentation was a feature of two patients. Five had high-grade tumours; of these, three were classified as large cell anaplastic, Ki-1 positive and two as pleomorphic large cell. The remaining patient had a low-grade tumour of angioimmunoblastic type. T-cell subsets were examined in three cases and showed the following phenotypes: CD4-, CD8-; CD4+, CD8-; CD4-, CD8+. Three of the patients with high-grade tumours died, with a mean survival of 22 weeks. The remaining patients are alive and clinically disease-free for between 10 and 24 months after treatment.