Activity of primate putamen neurons is selective to the mode of voluntary movement: visually guided,self-initiated or memory-guided

Summary The aim of this report was to investigate the neural processes of movement initiation and control in which the basal ganglia play an essential role. Single-neuron activity was recorded in the putamen of monkeys performing learned arm movements initiated in three different modes: sensorially guided, internally-timed self-initiated and memory guided. There were no significant differences in the magnitude and timing of both prime mover and supporting muscle activity between the three modes of movement. Over half of the task-related neurons showed strong activity in one of the three modes of movement initiation, but were only slightly activated in the other two modes. No clear preference for a particular movement mode was evident in the population of putamen neurons as a whole. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are heterogeneous groups of neurons in the putamen, and that each group of neurons participates in retrieving a different kind of information required for movement based on either external sensory events or on internally stored information.     

Association of the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphism of the PPAR gamma2 gene and their haplotypes with obesity and type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphism of the PPAR gamma2 gene and their haplotypes with obesity and type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. METHODS: PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphisms in 207 patients with type 2 diabetes and 101 non-diabetic control subjects. RESULTS: (1) In non-diabetic control population, the Ala allele frequency was 0.064, the T1431 allele frequency was 0.252. Haplotype analysis showed that the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (Do=0.63, r(2)=0.074), which constituted three major haplotypes Pro-C, Pro-T and Ala-T. (2) There were no significant differences of the distribution frequencies of the Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphism and their haplotypes between the type 2 diabetes mellitus group and non-diabetic control group (P > 0.05). (3) The Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with blood pressure and lipidemia in diabetic patients. The Ala allele significantly decreased the diastolic blood pressure of non-obese diabetic patients (P < 0.05), but it did not benefit to the obese diabetic patients for the lipidemia (P < 0.05). The C1431T polymorphism was associated with overweight and obesity in diabetic patients. The T1431 allele frequency in the body mass index >/= 25 layer was significantly higher than that in the body mass index < 25 layer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Pro12Ala and C1431T polymorphisms of the PPAR gamma2 gene might not be a major etiological factor for type 2 diabetes; the C1431T polymorphism was associated with overweight or obesity in diabetic patients.     

睑部的应用人类学研究

对１００套成人干燥胸椎的每块椎骨椎孔的矢，横径，椎弓根的高度，下切迹深度，椎板厚度进行了测量和观察。结果提示：７％的胸椎，椎板内面出现不同程度的骨质增生，引起椎板增厚，是造成胸段椎管狭窄的解剖学基础。     

Regions of genomic instability on 22q11 and 11q23 as the etiology for the recurrent constitutional t(11;22)

The constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11) is the only known recurrent, non-Robertsonian translocation. To analyze the genomic structure of the breakpoint, we have cloned the junction fragments from the der(11) and der(22) of a t(11;22) balanced carrier. On chromosome 11 the translocation occurs within a short, palindromic AT-rich region (ATRR). Likewise, the breakpoint on chromosome 22 has been localized within an ATRR that is part of a larger palindrome. Interestingly, the 22q11 breakpoint falls within one of the 'unclonable' gaps in the genomic sequence. Further, a sequenced chromosome 11 BAC clone, spanning the t(11;22) breakpoint in 11q23, is deleted within the palindromic ATRR, suggesting instability of this region in bacterial clones. Several unrelated t(11;22) families demonstrate similar breakpoints on both chromosomes, indicating that their translocations are within the same palindrome. It is likely that the palindromic ATRRs produce unstable DNA structures in 22q11 and 11q23 that are responsible for the recurrent t(11;22) translocation.     

舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖和临床意义

目的:研究舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为舌下神经管疾病的影像学诊断和手术入路的选择提供形态学数据。方法:肉眼和手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干骨标本的舌下神经管及其毗邻结构。结果:舌下神经管位于枕骨髁的前上方,为一对卵圆形或圆形孔道,内口至外口的长度(8.51±0.91)mm。舌下神经管内口呈双管者5侧(8%);内口后缘与枕骨髁后缘的距离(10.07±0.75)mm,外口后缘至枕骨髁后缘(14.22±1.18)mm。左、右侧枕骨髁的前后径分别为(23.10±1.57)mm、(22.38±2.28)mm。结论:熟悉舌下神经管及其毗邻结构的解剖有利于相关疾病的影像诊断和手术入路的选择。     

Immunohistochemical detection of XIAP and p63 in adenomatous hyperplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.

The critical distinction of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (WDAC) of lung, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), is based on morphological criteria alone, and is therefore potentially subjective. We examined expression of two markers, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), the most potent of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, and p63, a marker of bronchial reserve cells (BRC) and squamous cells, in these entities. H&E slides of 37 tissue blocks from 27 patients were reviewed and classified as AH (n=7), AAH (n=8), BAC (n=9) and WDAC (n=13). Immunostaining was performed on 4 mum sections with monoclonal anti-XIAP and monoclonal anti-p63. Granular or heterogeneous cytoplasmic staining for XIAP and nuclear staining for p63 were considered positive. Neither XIAP nor p63 were detected in normal lung alveolar cells. All seven AHs were negative for XIAP and negative or focally positive for p63. All eight AAHs were positive for XIAP and displayed p63 positivity in scattered cells. All BACs displayed XIAP positivity, which ranged from focal/weak to diffuse/strong. p63 was negative in seven and focally positive in two of nine BACs. Twelve of 13 WDACs showed XIAP positivity in a similar pattern to BAC; all were negative for p63. One aberrant case diagnosed on H & E as WDAC was negative for XIAP but strongly positive for p63. Significant XIAP expression appears to be useful for distinguishing AAH from AH. Commonality of XIAP staining in AAH, BAC and WDAC supports the possibility that AAH may be a pre-malignant lesion. The rarity of p63 expression confirms previous reports and supports a nonbronchial histogenesis of these entities. In contrast, diffuse p63 staining may facilitate the identification of rare cases that may have been misclassified as alveolar in origin based on morphology but may be of BRC origin.     

Lung preservation solution substrate composition affects rat lung oxidative metabolism during hypothermic storage

Lungs harvested for transplantation utilize oxygen after procurement. We investigated the effects of storage solution substrate composition on pulmonary oxidative metabolism and energetics during the preservation interval. Rat lungs were harvested and stored at 10 degrees C in low-potassium dextran (LPD) solution. Groups of lungs were preserved with preservation solution containing 5mM carbon-13 ((13)C) labeled glucose or increasing concentrations of (13)C labeled pyruvate. Additional groups of rat lungs were studied with dichloroacetate (DCA) added to the pyruvate-modified preservation solutions. Oxidative metabolism (measured by (13)C-enrichment of glutamate) and adenine nucleotide levels were quantified. Increasing preservation solution pyruvate concentration augmented glutamate (13)C-enrichment up to a concentration of 32mM pyruvate. DCA further stimulated oxidative metabolism only at lower concentrations of pyruvate (4 and 8mM). ATP and ADP were not different among groups, but AMP levels were higher in the glucose group. These data suggest that altering the substrate composition of the preservation solution influences lung metabolism during allograft preservation for transplantation.     

咪鲜胺对大鼠甲状腺功能亚慢性损伤的研究

目的：为了解咪鲜胺对哺乳动物甲状腺功能的亚慢性损伤情况。方法：用大鼠作为动物模型测定其血清T3、T4、TSH和rT3。结果：高剂量组T4及中、高剂量组rT3水平降低。结论：在亚慢性染毒实验中，咪鲜胺对哺乳动物甲状腺功能确有损伤，其机理尚有待进一步的研究。