Photopatch testing: a consensus methodology for Europe

A group of interested European Contact Dermatologists/Photobiologists met to produce a consensus statement on methodology, test materials and interpretation of photopatch testing. While it is recognized that a range of local variables operate throughout Europe, the underlying purpose of the work is to act as an essential preamble to a Pan European Photopatch Test Study focusing particularly on sunscreen chemicals.     

不同微生物诱导家蝇幼虫表达抗菌肽的特性

研究不同微生物诱导家蝇幼虫表达的抗菌肽特性.用3种不同的病源菌通过针刺感染的方法诱导家蝇幼虫表达抗菌肽,通过Sephadex G25分离,用Hult mark改进法和抑菌圈测定法作抑菌试验,用毛细管电泳（CE）分析不同微生物诱导得到的抗菌肽样品差异,检测抗菌肽的热稳定性和酸碱耐受性.发现不同微生物诱导产生的家蝇抗菌肽具有广谱抑菌性,但不同样品对不同病源菌抑菌活性有差异,不同测定抑菌效果的方法对抑菌结果有影响,各种抗菌肽样品CE蛋白谱具有明显不同.抗菌肽样品都具有热稳定性和酸碱耐受性.说明不同微生物诱导产生的家蝇抗菌肽类型以及抗菌肽含量与诱导源有关,抗菌肽为家蝇幼虫体内固有成分,诱导增加了抗菌肽的表达量同时刺激新抗菌肽的产生.用志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌诱导家蝇幼虫可产生较多含量高活性好的抗菌肽.     

Canadian Association of General Surgeons Evidence Based Reviews in Surgery. 6. "GERD" as a risk factor for esophageal cancer. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Question: Is gastroesophageal reflux a risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma? Design: A case control study. Setting: A population-based study in Sweden between 1994 and 1997. Participants: Cases included all patients with gastric or esophageal adenocarcinoma and half of all patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer, under the age of 80 years and living in Sweden between Dec. 1, 1994, and Dec. 31, 1997. Controls were selected randomly from among persons matched for age (within 10 yr) and sex in the entire Swedish population, through the use of a population register, which is computerized and updated continuously. Assessment of risk factors: Symptomatic reflux was assessed according to the severity of the symptoms (heartburn only, regurgitation only, heartburn and regurgitation combined, nightly symptoms), frequency and duration. Adjustment was made for age, sex, body mass index, smoking history, alcohol ingestion, socioeconomic status, intake of fruit and vegetables, overall energy intake, posture and the degree of physical activity both at work and during leisure. Main outcome measures: Gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell cancer. Main results: Among participants with recurrent symptoms of reflux, as compared with those without such symptoms, the odds ratios were 7.7 (95% CI, 5.3–11.4) for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma and 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4–2.9) for adenocarcinoma of the cardia. The more frequent, more severe and longer duration the symptoms of reflux were, the greater was the risk. Among persons with long-standing, severe symptoms of reflux, the odds ratios were 43.5 (95% CI, 18.3–103.5) for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma and 4.4 (95% CI, 1.7–11.0) for adenocarcinoma of the cardia. The risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was not increased with reflux (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.7–1.9). Conclusion: The study identified a strong and probably causal relation between symptomatic reflux as a strong risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma and a relatively weak risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia.