C – Beckengurt,Tourniquet, Wundklemme

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin - Die nicht kontrollierbare Blutung stellt neben dem schweren Schädelhirntrauma eine der häufigsten Todesursachen beim schwerverletzten Patienten dar. In...     

The Evaluation of Psychopharmacological Enhancers Beyond a Normative “Natural”–“Artificial” Dichotomy

The extra-therapeutic use of psychotropic drugs to improve cognition and to enhance mood has been the subject of controversial discussion in bioethics, in medicine but also in public for many years. Concerns over a liberal dealing with pharmacological enhancers are raised not only from a biomedical–pharmacological perspective, but particularly from an ethical one. Within these ethical concerns, there is one objection about the normative differentiation between “natural” and “artificial” enhancers, which is theoretically indeed widely discredited in bioethics, which has, however, entrenched itself in such a persistent way in everyday moral consciousness that it keeps a crucial influence on the assessment of pharmacological enhancers made by the public and medical professionals. This paper tries to first show why a normative differentiation between “natural” and “artificial” enhancers is highly problematic. In a second step, the resulting implications for our current dealing with pharmacological enhancers shall be examined. In a specific comparison of synthetic pharmaceuticals (modafinil, SSRIs) with phytopharmaceuticals (ginkgo biloba, St. John’s wort) and other already established enhancers (alcohol, caffeine), argumentative inconsistencies are pointed out which, at least partly, result from a rationally untenable preference for the “natural” over the “artificial”. Therefore, it is conclusively argued the case for an unprejudiced assessment of pharmacological enhancers beyond a “natural”–“artificial” dichotomy, which equally takes into account biomedical and ethical aspects. The goal is to reach a coherent dealing with pharmacological enhancement in the long run.     

Outcome after early mobilization following hip reconstruction in children with developmental hip dysplasia and luxation

Background

Most orthopedic surgeons prefer spica cast immobilization in children for 4 to 12 weeks after surgical hip reconstruction in children with developmental hip dysplasia. This challenging treatment may be associated with complications.Studies are lacking that focus on early mobilization without casting for postoperative care after hip reconstruction.

Methods

Twenty-seven children (3.4±2.0 years), including 33 hips with developmental hip dysplasia (DDH) and dislocation of the hip (Tönnis grade 1 to 4), who underwent hip reconstruction (Dega acetabuloplasty, varisation-derotation osteotomy and facultative open reduction) were retrospectively included in this study. Postoperatively the patients were placed in an individual foam shell with 30 degrees of hip abduction, hip extension, and neutral rotation. Early mobilization physiotherapy was performed within the first few days after the surgery under epidural anaesthesia. Full weight bearing was allowed after 3–4 weeks. All children received a clinical examination and radiographic evaluation before and after surgical intervention. The follow-up period was 12.3±2.9 months.

Results

On average, the postoperative acetabular index decreased significantly from 36.9 to 21.7 degrees and the center-edge angle increased from 9.9 to 28.6 degrees. All hips had reached Tönnis grade 1 at the time of the last follow-up. No complications such as dislocation of the bone wedge, avascular necrosis of the acetabulum or femur, lack of non-union, or nerve injury, were reported.

Conclusions

In this cohort study, hip reconstruction was successful according to clinical and radiographic outcome parameters after early mobilization without cast therapy. Early mobilization may be used as an alternative treatment option after hip reconstruction in DDH.

     

连续无创性监测儿科创伤患者的心功能和组织灌注情况

背景与目的：遗传性结肠直肠癌常与遗传性非息肉性结肠直肠癌或家族性腺瘤性息肉综合征有密切关系。作对已登记注册的64个Li—Fraumeni综合征（LFS）家族进行了调查，了解其早期结肠直肠癌的发生情况及p53基因的突变率。方法：研究对象为已确诊的结肠直肠癌患，其确诊时年龄≤50岁。应用标准分子学技术通过基因突变分析法对患的p53基因进行分析。结果：在397例患和64个登记注册的Li—Fraumeni综合征家族中，共有11例（2．8％）分别来自10个符合典型LFS诊断标准家族的患，其确诊为结肠直肠癌时年龄均≤50岁。这11例患的平均确诊年龄为33岁，其中4例患发现有结肠直肠癌时年龄〈21岁（其年龄分别为9岁、11岁、15岁和20岁）。接受p53基因突变检测的所有家族成员（8／10个家族），通过测序分析证明其存在基因突变；在所有登记在册的家族成员中有12．5％的成员在50岁之前发生了结肠直肠癌且存在p53基因突变。其突变主要为错义或无义密码子突变，突变位于4～10外显子之间。     

Trigger-dependent differences determine therapeutic outcome in murine primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome affecting patients with genetic cytotoxicity defects. Perforin-deficient (PKO) mice recapitulate the full clinical picture of FHL after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Hyperactivated CD8⁺ T cells and IFN-γ have been identified as the key drivers of FHL and represent targets for therapeutic interventions. However, the response of patients is variable. This could be due to trigger-dependent differences in pathogenesis, which is difficult to address in FHL patients, since the trigger frequently escapes detection. We established an alternative FHL model using intravenous infection of PKO mice with murine CMV (MCMV)_Smith. PKO mice developed acute FHL after both infections and fulfilled HLH diagnostic criteria accompanied by excessive IFN-γ production by disease-inducing T cells, that enrich in the BM. However, direct comparison of the two infection models disclosed trigger-dependence of FHL progression and revealed a higher contribution of CD4 T cells and NK cells to IFN-γ production after MCMV infection. Importantly, therapeutic intervention by IFN-γ neutralization or CD8⁺ T-cell depletion had less benefit in MCMV-triggered FHL compared to LCMV-triggered FHL, likely due to MCMV-induced cytopathology. Thus, the context of the specific triggering viral infection can impact the success of targeted immunotherapeutic HLH control.