3D打印技术在快速治疗老年股骨转子间骨折医患沟通中的应用

目的　探讨3D打印技术在快速治疗老年股骨转子间骨折医患沟通中的应用效果。 方法　选取2018年7月~2019年4月本院老年髋部中心30例老年股骨转子间骨折拟行PFNA内固定手术治疗的患者。经签署知情同意书,利用随机数表将患者分成实验组和对照组,每组15例。实验组采用3D打印模型进行术前沟通,对照组采用常规术前沟通方法,分别进行术前医患沟通调查问卷信息采集,记录手术时机（入院到手术的间隔天数）、手术时间、出血量等,并进行统计分析。 结果　术前应用3D打印模型进行医患沟通,患者对病情、手术方案、护理等方面的理解有明显优势,患者满意度较高;实验组从入院到手术间隔时间明显较短,为（2.92±1.16）d,对照组（4.36±2.10）d,P<0.05。 结论　3D打印技术在快速治疗老年股骨转子间骨折医患沟通方面有显著效果,缩短术前间隔时间,提高患者满意度。     

经口气管插管激发和雾化激发建立哮喘小鼠模型的比较

目的　通过建模比较小鼠哮喘模型效果及稳定性,以确定建模的最佳方式。 方法　将SPF级6~8周雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为5组：20 μg致敏雾化激发组（20-INH）、100 μg致敏雾化激发组(100-INH)、20 μg致敏经口气管插管激发组(20-ITI)、100 μg致敏经口气管插管激发组(100-ITI)、control组。所有哮喘模型组小鼠用鸡卵清蛋白（ovalbumin, OVA）致敏和激发,在0、7、14 d分别使用20 μg和100 μg致敏,在21 d开始分别给予雾化激发和经口气管插管激发,在末次激发后24 h内对小鼠行气道高反应性（airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR）检测,留取支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF）行细胞计数,左肺病理学检测,ELISA检测血清免疫球蛋白E（IgE）水平。 结果　20-INH、100-INH、100-ITI 3组的AHR、气道炎症、气道粘液高分泌、血清总IgE水平均有明显升高,其中以100-ITI组在以上各方面均较突出。经口气管插管激发哮喘模型各数据标准差低于雾化激发哮喘模型。 结论　经口气管插管激发方式能在 100 μg OVA 致敏剂量时成功建立小鼠哮喘模型,且模型气道粘液分泌量及血清总IgE水平升高更明显,该模型稳定性高,值得推荐。     

Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused an unprecedented global social and economic impact, and high numbers of deaths. Many risk factors have been identified in the progression of COVID-19 into a severe and critical stage, including old age, male gender, underlying comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic lung diseases, heart, liver and kidney diseases, tumors, clinically apparent immunodeficiencies, local immunodeficiencies, such as early type I interferon secretion capacity, and pregnancy. Possible complications include acute kidney injury, coagulation disorders, thoromboembolism. The development of lymphopenia and eosinopenia are laboratory indicators of COVID-19. Laboratory parameters to monitor disease progression include lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), and ferritin. The development of a cytokine storm and extensive chest computed tomography imaging patterns are indicators of a severe disease. In addition, socioeconomic status, diet, lifestyle, geographical differences, ethnicity, exposed viral load, day of initiation of treatment, and quality of health care have been reported to influence individual outcomes. In this review, we highlight the scientific evidence on the risk factors of severity of COVID-19.     

Sleep quality and risk of cancer: findings from the English longitudinal study of aging

Study ObjectiveTo prospectively examine the association between sleep quality and incident cancer risk in the elderly.MethodsA total of 10,036 participants aged ≥50 years free of cancer at baseline from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing at wave 4 (2008) were included, and followed up until 2016. The primary endpoint was new onset physician-diagnosed cancer. Sleep quality was assessed by four questions regarding the frequency of sleep problems and overall subjective feeling of sleep quality in the last month, with higher score denoting poorer sleep quality. The multivariable Cox regression model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident cancer risk according to sleep quality.ResultsAt 8-year follow-up, a total of 745 (7.4%) participants developed cancer. Compared with good sleep quality at baseline, HR (95% CI) for incident cancer risk was 1.328 (1.061, 1.662) for intermediate quality, 1.586 (1.149, 2.189) for poor quality. Similarly, compared with maintaining good sleep quality in the first 4 years, HR (95% CI) for incident cancer risk was 1.615 (1.208, 2.160) for maintaining intermediate quality and 1.608 (1.043, 2.480) for maintaining poor quality. The exclusion of participants with family history of cancer or abnormal sleep duration yielded consistent results.ConclusionsPoor sleep quality is positively associated with the long-term risk of developing cancer in an elderly cohort. Both medical staffs and the general public should pay more attention to improving sleep hygiene.     

Chemoradiation-induced changes in systemic inflammatory markers and their prognostic significance in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Objective:Chemoradiation (CRT) may induce a change in systemic inflammatory state which could affect clinical outcomes in oesophageal cancer. We aimed to evaluate the changes and prognostic significance of systemic inflammatory markers following definitive CRT in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods:A total of 53 patients treated with concurrent CRT were included in this retrospective analysis. We compared neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) before and after CRT using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated. Univariable and multivariable survival analysis were performed using Cox regression analysis. Clinical univariable survival prognostic factors with p < 0.1 were included in a multivariable cox regression analysis for backward stepwise model selection.Results:Both NLR (median ∆+2.8 [IQR −0.11, 8.62], p < 001) and PLR (median ∆+227 [81.3–523.5], p < 0.001) increased significantly after CRT. Higher levels of pre-CRT, post-CRT and change (∆) in NLR and PLR were associated with inferior OS and PFS. Post-CRT NLR (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001), post-CRT platelets (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p = 0.005), cT-stage (HR 3.83, 95% CI 1.39–10.60, p = 0.01) and RT dose (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.81, p = 0.01) were independent prognostic factors for OS in multivariable analysis. Change in NLR (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p = 0.001), post-CRT platelets (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p = 0.002), cT-stage (HR 3.98, 95% CI 1.55–10.25, p = 0.004) and RT dose (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.80, p = 0.009) were independent prognostic factors for PFS.Conclusion:Both NLR and PLR increased following definitive CRT. Post-CRT NLR and ∆NLR were associated with adverse survival in oesophageal SCC.Advances in knowledge:We showed that CRT increased PLR and NLR, possibly reflecting a systemic inflammatory state which were associated with poor clinical outcomes in oesophageal SCC.     

In vivo three-dimensional mandibular kinematics and functional point trajectories during temporomandibular activities using 3d fluoroscopy

Objectives:To measure in vivo three-dimensional kinematics of the mandible and associated end-point trajectories and to quantify their relationships during temporomandibular joint activities using 3D fluoroscopy.Methods:A novel fluoroscopy-based 3D measurement method was used to measure motions of the mandible and the associated end points (i.e. incisors and lateral poles of both condyles) during open close, lateral gliding and protrusion-retraction movements in healthy young individuals. The contributions of each of the rotational and translational components of the mandible to the end-point trajectories were quantified through experiment-based computer simulations.Results:The mandibular rotation was found to account for 91% of the maximal mouth-opening-capacity and 73% of the maximal lateral incisor movement, while the condylar translation contributed to 99% of the anterior protrusion distance. Incisor trajectories were nearly vertical within the first 60% of the maximal opening during the open-close movement.Conclusions:Similar condylar downward rotation paths but with bilaterally asymmetrical ranges were used to perform basic mandibular movements of different targeted TI trajectories in three dimensions, that is, open-close, lateral-gliding and protrusion-retraction. Mandibular rotations contributed to the majority of the principal displacement components of the incisor, that is, vertical during open-close and towards the working-side-during lateral-gliding, while mandibular translation contributed mainly to the forward movement of the incisor during protrusion-retraction. Owing to the anatomical constraints, the freedom of mandibular translation is limited and mainly in the anteroposterior direction, which is considered helpful for the control and stability of the TMJ during oral activities.     

Short-Term Visual Experience Leads to Potentiation of Spontaneous Activity in Mouse Superior Colliculus

Spontaneous activity in the brain maintains an internal structured pattern that reflects the external environment,which is essential for processing information and developing perception and cognition.An essential prerequisite of spontaneous activity for perception is the ability to reverberate external information,such as by potentiation.Yet its role in the processing of potentiation in mouse superior colliculus(SC)neurons is less studied.Here,we used electrophysiological recording,optogenetics,and drug infusion methods to investigate the mechanism of potentiation in SC neurons.We found that visual experience potentiated SC neurons several minutes later in different developmental stages,and the similarity between spontaneous and visually-evoked activity increased with age.Before eye-opening,activation of retinal ganglion cells that expressed ChR2 also induced the potentiation of spontaneous activity in the mouse SC.Potentiation was dependenton stimulus number and showed feature selectivity for direction and orientation.Optogenetic activation of parvalbumin neurons in the SC attenuated the potentiation induced by visual experience.Furthermore,potentiation in SC neurons was blocked by inhibiting the glutamate transporter GLT1.These results indicated that the potentiation induced by a visual stimulus might play a key role in shaping the internal representation of the environment,and serves as a carrier for short-term memory consolidation.