新版指南解读：急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的抗栓治疗

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）是冠状动脉内血栓形成的急性心血管事件,无论是行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入还是药物溶栓,抗栓始终贯穿于治疗的全过程。由于近年来一些大规模随机临床试验结果的公布,欧洲心脏病学会（ESC）、美国心脏病学会基金会（ACCF）及美国心脏协会（AHA）相继公布了ST段抬高型心肌梗死的新版指南。指南指出：急性STEMI一旦确诊,应立即行抗血小板及抗凝治疗,抗血小板治疗为负荷量的阿司匹林（300 mg）及二磷酸腺苷（ADP）受体拮抗剂（氯吡格雷300～600 mg、普拉格雷60 mg、替格瑞洛180 mg）;ESC指南更倾向于使用替格瑞洛或普拉格雷;2个指南维持量的阿司匹林均倾向于小剂量（75～100 mg/d）。新指南对于低分子量肝素应用于急诊PCI的推荐力度有所下降,建议维持时间≤8 d。基于有效性和安全性的考虑,2个指南均建议在STEMI行急诊PCI时使用比伐芦定,尤其是对于伴有高出血风险的患者。     

How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

Making a firm diagnosis of chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains a challenge. We recommend a new stepwise diagnostic process, the ‘HFA–PEFF diagnostic algorithm’. Step 1 (P=Pre‐test assessment) is typically performed in the ambulatory setting and includes assessment for heart failure symptoms and signs, typical clinical demographics (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elderly, atrial fibrillation), and diagnostic laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography. In the absence of overt non‐cardiac causes of breathlessness, HFpEF can be suspected if there is a normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, no significant heart valve disease or cardiac ischaemia, and at least one typical risk factor. Elevated natriuretic peptides support, but normal levels do not exclude a diagnosis of HFpEF. The second step (E: Echocardiography and Natriuretic Peptide Score) requires comprehensive echocardiography and is typically performed by a cardiologist. Measures include mitral annular early diastolic velocity (e′), LV filling pressure estimated using E/e′, left atrial volume index, LV mass index, LV relative wall thickness, tricuspid regurgitation velocity, LV global longitudinal systolic strain, and serum natriuretic peptide levels. Major (2 points) and Minor (1 point) criteria were defined from these measures. A score ≥5 points implies definite HFpEF; ≤1 point makes HFpEF unlikely. An intermediate score (2–4 points) implies diagnostic uncertainty, in which case Step 3 (F₁: Functional testing) is recommended with echocardiographic or invasive haemodynamic exercise stress tests. Step 4 (F₂: Final aetiology) is recommended to establish a possible specific cause of HFpEF or alternative explanations. Further research is needed for a better classification of HFpEF.     

The Relationship Between Nocturnal Blood Pressure and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Chinese Hypertensive Patients

To study the relationship between nocturnal blood pressure (BP) variation and spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among Chinese hypertensive patients and its clinical significance, the authors retrospectively screened 371 patients with primary hypertension (189 patients with ICH, 182 patients without ICH) in Shanghai and analyzed their demographics, clinical information, nocturnal blood pressure variability and medication. Compared with the control group, the levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, and creatinine were significantly increased in the ICH group, along with a marked reduction in nocturnal BP drop (P<.05). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that blood glucose, creatinine, and nocturnal mean arterial pressure were risk factors for ICH, and the magnitude of nocturnal BP drop was negatively related to the risk for ICH. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of reverse dippers between the large hematoma volume group and the small hematoma volume group (χ²=2.529, P=.112), nor among the patients taking angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or calcium channel blockers (χ²=1.981, P=.371). Reverse dipping is associated with the risk for ICH, suggesting that appropriate antihypertensive drug and chronotherapy might be effective to normalize the rhythm of abnormal circadian variation in hypertensive patients.