Low dose dextromethorphan attenuates moderate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting NOX2 and reducing peripheral immune cells infiltration in the spinal cord

Dextromethorphan (DM) is a dextrorotary morphinan and a widely used component of cough medicine. Relatively high doses of DM in combination with quinidine are used for the treatment of mood disorders for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, at lower doses, morphinans exert anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of NOX2-dependent superoxide production in activated microglia. Here we investigated the effects of high (10 mg/kg, i.p., "DM-10") and low (0.1 mg/kg, i.p., "DM-0.1") doses of DM on the development and progression of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. We found no protection by high dose DM treatment. Interestingly, a minor late attenuation by low dose DM treatment was seen in severe EAE that was characterized by a chronic disease course and a massive spinal cord infiltration of CD45(+) cells including T-lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. Furthermore, in a less severe form of EAE, where lower levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells, Iba1(+) microglia/macrophages and no significant infiltration of neutrophils were seen in the spinal cord, the treatment with DM-0.1 was remarkably more beneficial. The effect was the most significant at the peak of disease and was associated with an inhibition of NOX2 expression and a decrease in infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes into the spinal cord. In addition, chronic treatment with low dose DM resulted in decreased demyelination and reduced axonal loss in the lumbar spinal cord. Our study is the first report to show that low dose DM is effective in treating EAE of moderate severity. Our findings reveal that low dose morphinan DM treatment may represent a new promising protective strategy for treating MS.     

Negative bias effects during audiovisual emotional processing in major depression disorder

Aberrant affective neural processing and negative emotional bias are trait‐marks of major depression disorders (MDDs). However, most research on biased emotional perception in depression has only focused on unimodal experimental stimuli, the neural basis of potentially biased emotional processing of multimodal inputs remains unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by implementing an audiovisual emotional task during functional MRI scanning sessions with 37 patients with MDD and 37 gender‐, age‐ and education‐matched healthy controls. Participants were asked to distinguish laughing and crying sounds while being exposed to faces with different emotional valences as background. We combined general linear model and psychophysiological interaction analyses to identify abnormal local functional activity and integrative processes during audiovisual emotional processing in MDD patients. At the local neural level, MDD patients showed increased bias activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) while listening to negative auditory stimuli and concurrently processing visual facial expressions, along with decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity in both the positive and negative visual facial conditions. At the network level, MDD exhibited significantly decreased connectivity in areas involved in automatic emotional processes and voluntary control systems during perception of negative stimuli, including the vmPFC, dlPFC, insula, as well as the subcortical regions of posterior cingulate cortex and striatum. These findings support a multimodal emotion dysregulation hypothesis for MDD by demonstrating that negative bias effects may be facilitated by the excessive ventral bottom‐up negative emotional influences along with incapability in dorsal prefrontal top‐down control system.     

创伤后深静脉血栓形成中的黏着斑激酶信号通路*☆

背景：创伤后深静脉血栓形成的分子机制复杂,黏着斑激酶信号通路在深静脉血栓形成过程中的作用尚未阐明。 目的：探讨黏着斑激酶信号通路在创伤性深静脉血栓形成中的作用。 方法：取20只SD大鼠制备股骨骨折模型。造模后5 d,根据血栓形成情况将模型大鼠分为2组：血栓形成组和无血栓形成组,每组10只。另取10只正常大鼠作为对照组。无创切取大鼠股静脉血管组织,抽取总RNA,Genechip Rat Genome 430 2.0芯片测定股静脉RNA的表达,并分析黏着斑激酶信号通路基因表达的变化。 结果与结论：与无血栓形成组比较,血栓形成组中黏着斑激酶信号通路细胞外基质、蛋白激酶C、Fyn、辅肌动蛋白、Vav等关键基因均上调;下调的有整联蛋白α、肌球蛋白轻链磷酸酶、c-Jun基因。结果提示黏着斑激酶信号通路可能是调控血栓生物学状态的重要信号通路。     

角膜移植后核因子κB表达动态以及环孢霉素A的干预作用

背景：核因子κB在转录水平调控着许多细胞因子、黏附因子的表达,在角膜移植排斥反应中可能起着中心调控作用。 目的：观察核因子κB和细胞间黏附分子1、血管内皮生长因子在角膜植片中的动态表达规律以及环孢霉素A的干预作用。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2005-01/07在解放军第一军医大学珠江医院眼科完成。 材料：选用健康清洁级SD大鼠40只及Wistar大鼠50只。随机分为3组：同基因移植组Wistar大鼠10只为供者,Wistar大鼠20只为受者;同种异体移植组Wistar大鼠10只为供者,SD大鼠20只为受者;同种异体移植+环孢霉素A治疗组Wistar大鼠10只为供者,SD大鼠20只为受者。 方法：建立大鼠角膜移植模型,移植后所有受者术眼结膜下注射庆大霉素,隔日1次,每次2 000 U,共用3次;2.5 g/L氯霉素眼液滴眼,2次/d,每次2滴,连续用18 d。5 g/L托品酰胺眼液滴眼,1次/d,每次2滴,连用1周。环孢霉素A治疗组移植后第1天开始用10 g/L环孢霉素A眼液滴眼,3次/d,每次2滴,连续用18 d。 主要观察指标：各组移植后3,7,12,18 d测定角膜移植排斥反应指数评分,并于各时间点观察角膜植片病理学变化,检测核因子κB与细胞间黏附分子1、血管内皮生长因子的表达。 结果：在观察期18 d 内,同基因组未出现排斥反应,同种异体移植组在各时间点的排斥反应指数高于同基因移植组（P < 0.05）,而同种异体移植+环孢霉素A治疗组排斥反应指数低于同种异体移植组（P < 0.05）。免疫组织化学结果显示：核因子κB与细胞间黏附分子1、血管内皮生长因子分布角膜上皮层、基质层及新生血管内皮细胞。各时间点,同种异体移植组角膜中核因子κB与细胞间黏附分子1、血管内皮生长因子的表达高于同基因移植组（P < 0.05）,而低于同种异体移植+ 环孢霉素A治疗组（P < 0.05）。 结论：环孢霉素A通过减弱核因子κB核转位和发挥活性,抑制受其调控的多种细胞因子、黏附分子等移植排斥相关因子的表达,从而抑制角膜移植排斥反应的发生发展。     

中国人群HLA-DRB1*1454等位基因和HLA-DRB1第3外显子鉴定意义

目的：在中国人群中鉴定人类白细胞抗原（human leukocyte antigen,HLA）DRB1*1454等位基因,分析供受者HLA-DRB1第3外显子DNA序列信息对器官移植、细胞移植及人类遗传学研究的重要现实意义。 方法：应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序分型方法对58例等待造血干细胞移植供受者进行人类白细胞抗原测序分型,1 268例广东地区随机健康供者采用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异寡核苷酸探针反向杂交法进行HLA-DRB1中高分辨基因分型,部分模棱两可结果采用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异引物PCR-SSPHLA-DRB*14高分辨方法分型法。 结果：在1 268例广东地区随机健康人群中检出HLA-DRB1*1403,1406,1410,1412,1418,1425和1454等位基因,HLA-DRB*1401/1434/1454等位基因模棱两可结果的8例样本被确认为HLA-DRB1*1454等位基因,DRB1*1454等位基因可能是广东人群最为常见的HLA-DRB1*14基因。中国人群HLA-DRB1*14第3外显子存在多态性。 结论：中国人群HLA-DRB1*1454等位基因确认了DRB1等位基因第3外显子多态性的存在,进一步明确了开展中国汉族人群及少数民族HLA-DRB1第3外显子检测的意义。     

骨髓间充质细胞构建组织工程神经修复坐骨神经缺损

背景：许旺细胞是周围神经组织工程的种子细胞,但体外分离、培养、纯化许旺细胞较困难。脱细胞同种异体神经移植物具有较强的修复外周神经缺损的能力,且可诱导骨髓间充质细胞分化为类许旺细胞,理论上骨髓间充质细胞可替代许旺细胞作为种子细胞应用于周围神经组织工程。 目的：观察骨髓间充质细胞构建组织工程神经修复坐骨神经缺损的效果,评估骨髓间充质细胞作为种子细胞修复周围神经缺损的可行性。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2008-07/12在大理学院基础医学院实验室完成。 材料：将30只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为3组,每组10只。骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组将骨髓间充质细胞复合脱细胞同种异体神经移植物培养的组织工程神经与两断端用10/0 无创线端端吻合;异体移植组将脱细胞同种异体神经移植物桥接;自体移植组将切断的坐骨神经旋转180°端端吻合。 方法：运用骨髓间充质细胞构建的组织工程神经修复大鼠10 mm坐骨神经缺损,移植后12周通过坐骨神经功能指数、腓肠肌湿质量恢复率、S-100免疫组织化学染色、电镜等方法观察移植物修复效果。 主要观察指标：复合物培养时观察细胞形态的变化;移植后观察坐骨神经功能指数及腓肠肌湿质量恢复率;通过甲苯胺蓝染色观察新生髓鞘形成和轴突生长及神经纤维的分布情况,结合透射电镜及S-100蛋白免疫组织化学染色,观察许旺细胞生长和神经纤维再生情况。 结果：坐骨神经功能指数及腓肠肌湿质量恢复率的检测结果显示骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组优于异体移植组(P < 0.05)。骨髓间充质细胞+异体移植组复合物中S-100的表达明显高于异体移植组,有髓神经纤维数量、有髓纤维直径和髓鞘厚度均大于异体移植组(P < 0.05),修复效果接近自体移植组。 结论：骨髓间充质细胞构建的组织工程神经修复周围神经缺损的效果优于单纯的脱细胞同种异体神经移植物,骨髓间充质细胞作为种子细胞在周围神经组织工程中具有较强的应用价值。     

Neuroanatomical differences between familial and sporadic schizophrenia and their parents: An optimized voxel-based morphometry study

Symptomatic differences have been reported between patients with familial and sporadic schizophrenia. The present study examined neuroanatomical differences between the two subgroups and their parents using voxel-based morphometry. High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging from 20 patients with schizophrenia (familial subgroup, n = 10; sporadic subgroup, n = 10), 20 of their parents (familial subgroup, n = 10; sporadic subgroup, n = 10) and 20 healthy volunteers. Gray matter density (GMD) was compared between groups on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Compared with the sporadic patients, the familial patients had significantly reduced GMD in the thalamus bilaterally. Reduction of GMD in bilateral thalami was also found in familial parents in comparison with sporadic parents. Compared with controls, both familial and sporadic patients had lower GMD involving bilateral insula, right temporal lobe, right occipital lobe, left lenticular nucleus and right cerebellum. However, only familial patients showed lower GMD than controls in the right thalamus. Compared with controls, only familial parents showed lower GMD in the right insula extending to the right temporal lobe and the right parietal lobule. The present data suggest that familial schizophrenia is associated with more severe structural abnormalities than sporadic schizophrenia, especially in the thalamus.     

高中生生活事件与学校适应的关系:自尊的中介作用

目的 探讨高中生自尊在生活事件与学校适应之间的中介作用,为提高高中生学校适应提供实证依据.方法 采用方便抽样法,于2019年11月抽取山东省济南市2所中学的1192名高一、 高二学生为研究对象.采用高中生学校适应量表(QSAHSS)、高中生自尊量表以及中学生生活事件多维评定问卷进行问卷调查.采用Pearson相关分析高...