No impact of repeated endoscopic screens on gastric cancer mortality in a prospectively followed Chinese population at high risk.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths in China. Our study prospectively evaluated the impact of repeated endoscopic screens on GC mortality in a high-risk population in China. METHODS: Between 1989 and 1999, a population-based gastroscopic screening was conducted in 4,394 residents of Linqu County, China, a region with the highest rates of GC worldwide. Residents ages 35 to 64 years received initial gastroscopies with biopsies in 1989. Repeated endoscopies were performed in 1994 and 1999. Cancer occurrences and deaths were actively monitored throughout the entire period until July 2000. Mortality from GC was compared with expected values based on mortality rates obtained for Linqu in the 1990-1992 Chinese Cancer Mortality Survey. RESULTS: Between March 1989 and July 2000, 39,303 person-years were accumulated; 85 new GCs occurred, 29 (34.5%) were in early stage. Fifty-eight cases (68%) were identified at one of the screens. The number of observed deaths from GC (37) was close to the expected (36.8). The standardized mortality ratio was 1.01 (95% CI 0.72-1.37) for the entire cohort, 1.13 (95% CI 0.77-1.57) for males, and 0.65 (95% CI 0.26-1.32) for females. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high population coverage with repeated screens, no reduction in GC mortality was observed in this high-risk population in China.     

A nationwide survey on transient hyperammonemia in newborn infants in Japan: prognosis of life and neurological outcome.

A nationwide survey of transient hyperammonemia in newborns was carried out in Japan. A total of 18 patients, consisting of 12 male and 6 female infants, were reported from 11 facilities. These neonates exhibited hyperammonemia with plasma ammonia levels in the range from 124 to 6256 micrograms/dl. Four newborn infants of the 18 died in the neonatal period, and an additional one died in the early infancy. Among the 13 infants who were alive at the time of this survey, 6 had neurological sequelae, including mental retardation, spastic quadriplegia and epilepsy. The multivariate analysis revealed that the Apgar score at 1 minute, peak plasma ammonia concentration, birth weight and sex were significant factors affecting the prognosis of life.     

Calcium-activated proteolysis of intracellular domains in the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and N-cadherin.

One of the consequences of increased intracellular calcium in response to a variety of physiological stimuli is the calcium activation of cytosolic proteases. Unlike lysosomal proteases with broad specificity, these calcium-activated neutral proteases show limited proteolysis of a restricted set of substrate proteins suggesting they may play a regulatory role in cellular physiology. In this study we show that the neural cell adhesion molecules NCAM-180 and N-cadherin are substrates for such endogenous calcium-activated neutral proteases. In contrast, a third neural cell adhesion molecule G4/L1 was not susceptible to calcium-activated proteolysis. The threshold for activation of NCAM and N-cadherin proteolysis is in the micromolar range of calcium suggesting that NCAM and N-cadherin are substrates for a mu-type calpain (calpain I). The site recognized by this protease is within intracellular domains of NCAM-180 and N-cadherin which are important for their interaction with cytoskeletal components. These results suggest that calcium-activated proteolysis at these sites in vivo could disrupt the linkage between extracellular ligand binding to these adhesion molecules and the normal intracellular effectors of such extracellular binding events.     

Four primary malignant tumors, including malignant melanoma and malignant lymphoma, in the same adult patient

We report an 80-year-old Japanese male with four primary malignant tumors: malignant melanoma, prostatic cancer, malignant lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma, which occurred in that respective order. The combination of malignant melanoma and malignant lymphoma is rare. The patient was treated with BCG after an operation for malignant melanoma. He was also treated with cobalt 60 irradiation after an operation for prostatic cancer. We also discuss other reports of multiple malignant tumors and suggest some possible causes of this patient's primary malignant tumors.     

Central venous catheter-related Rhodotorula rubra fungemia

With the increased use of indwelling central venous catheters, increasing numbers of cases of Rhodotorula fungemia have been observed in patients with neoplasia and neutropenia. In most patients with catheter-related Rhodotorula fungemia, the condition has been treated with broadspectrum antibiotics. We report two cases of central venous catheter-related Rhodotorula rubra fungemia that occurred in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Both patients were in a state of neutropenia. One patient was treated with amphotericin B and his central venous catheter was removed, but he died of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia. The other patient was treated with amphotericin B and discharged, with a central venous catheter, after recovery from neutropenia. Although the management of catheter-related Rhodotorula fungemia infections remains controversial, resolution of the underlying disease is more important than catheter removal for recovery from Rhodotorula rubra fungemia. Received: August 22, 2001 / Accepted: October 8, 2001     

Catechol oxidation by peroxidase-positive astrocytes in primary culture: an electron spin resonance study.

In rodents, chronic estrogenization has been shown to induce degeneration of dendrites and myelin figures in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus adjacent to peroxidase-positive astrocyte processes. Because in this brain region estradiol is metabolized to 2-hydroxyestradiol (catecholestrogen), we hypothesized that the latter may be oxidized by the astrocytic peroxidase activity to cytotoxic ortho-semiquinones as occurs in peripheral tissues. Cysteamine induces nonenzymatic peroxidase activity in cultured astroglia identical to that observed in vivo. Using electron spin resonance, we demonstrate robust peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 2-hydroxyestradiol and dopamine by cysteamine-pretreated astrocyte cultures relative to untreated controls. These results implicate the peroxidase-positive astrocytes in the pathogenesis of estradiol-related hypothalamic damage, parkinsonism, and other free-radical-related neurologic disorders.