对咳嗽患者进行辅助检查的临床思维

咳嗽虽为临床常见的症状，但对咳嗽患者迅速作出诊断和合理治疗却并非易事。因为引起咳嗽的病因繁多，涉及面广，既有咳嗽系统疾病所致，又有全身性疾病在肺部表现所为。因此对咳嗽患者在询问病史和症状，作出详细体检之后进行适当的辅助检查（简称辅检）也并非可以一蹴而就的，而需要深思熟虑，以正确有序的临床思维作导向，才能得心应手，合理有效。本文按辅检的目的、辅检项目的选择、辅检的准备、辅检结果的评析和辅检结果与临床不符的原因分析等几方面来阐述对咳嗽患者进行辅检的临床思维。     

Additional bedtime H2‐receptor antagonist for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough: A Cochrane systematic review

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of additional bedtime H₂‐receptor antagonists (H₂RAs) in suppressing nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough (NAB) via a systematic review. METHODS: Eligible trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966–June 2004), EMBASE (January 1980–June 2004) and CINAHL (January 1982–June 2004). Additional hand‐searching was conducted on the proceedings of correlated conferences, eight important Chinese journals and references of all included trials. All randomized controlled trials evaluating H₂RAs for the control of NAB were eligible for inclusion. The systematic review was conducted using methods recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS: Only two randomized crossover studies, comprising 32 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Because the design, dosage and duration of the treatments were different between the studies, it was not possible to conduct meta‐analysis. There were no consistent conclusions found between the two included studies in evaluating H₂RAs for the control of NAB. CONCLUSIONS: No implications for practice at this stage can be concluded. Appropriately designed large‐scale randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow up are needed to determine the effects of additional bedtime H₂RAs in suppressing NAB.     

血清S100ββ变化与老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的观察老年患者腹部手术后S100ββ蛋白的变化以及术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的发生情况,并探讨二者的关系。方法26例65岁以上的老年患者ASAⅡ~Ⅲ级,行腹部手术。监测术前、术毕、术后6、24、48、72h血清S100ββ的变化,并评定术前及术后1周内的认知功能。结果老年患者血清S100ββ蛋白在术毕最高(P<0·01),术后6h和24h逐渐下降,但术后48h再次上升(P<0·01),术后72h回复至术前水平。26例老年患者腹部手术后1周内有7例发生POCD。POCD组与非POCD组相比,术毕及术后6h血清S100ββ蛋白水平明显增高(P<0·05)。结论老年患者腹部手术后POCD的发生与血清S100ββ蛋白的变化有密切关系。血清S100ββ蛋白可作为评估老年患者术后发生POCD的重要指标。     

氧腹腔气体置换对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胃肠动力影响的临床研究

为观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）及LC术后进行O2气置换对胃肠动力的影响。笔者对15例腹腔O2气体置换行LC的患者（O2置换组）与同期15例仅行LC的患者（常规LC组）进行对照，于术前、术后行胃电图检查及胃肠激素检测。结果示，O2置换组LC术后3d内全部病例气腹均未完全吸收，占100%;常规LC组LC术后3d内均完全吸收。O2置换组术后胃肠动力恢复慢;O2置换组LC术后气腹存留时限明显长于常规LC组（P<0.01）。提示术后腹腔气体存留可能不利于胃肠动力的恢复。     

Smart Prep技术在肾动脉CTA中的临床应用

目的:探讨Smart Prep技术在肾动脉多层螺旋CT血管造影中的应用。方法:20例行同层动态增强扫描,通过时间-密度曲线获得肾动脉的有效浓度阈值。65例行肾动脉CTA造影,经肘静脉团注370mgI/ml优维显1.5ml/kg后,应用Smart Prep软件实时监控靶血管浓度,当感兴趣区对比剂浓度达有效浓度阈值时触发增强扫描完成数据采集,重组和重建图像显示肾动脉。结果:65例肾动脉CTA造影均获成功,58例(89.2%)增强时相处于最佳扫描时期。增强扫描的延迟时间15~38s不等,个体差异明显,而肾动脉CT值持续位于有效浓度阈值(100HU)以上。结论:Smart Prep技术实时监控肾动脉对比剂浓度变化并及时触发增强扫描,它不受个体差异影响即可确保增强扫描的实施,优于小剂量试验。     

还原型谷胱甘肽联合甘草酸二铵对腹部开放伤后海水浸泡犬肝功能损伤的治疗作用

Objective To investigate effect of reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the treatment of hepatic damage in experimental dogs following open abdominal injuries coupled with seawater immersion. Methods Twenty-four dogs with open abdominal injuries were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (given with simple observation after 1.5 h seawater immersion); the routine treatment group (given routine care and fluid transfusion after 1.5 h seawater immersion) ; the hepatic treatment group (given routine are, fluid transfusion and hepatic treatment as well, after 1.5 h seawater immersion). Each group consisted of 8 dogs. Blood samples were taken at different time points to measure total bilirubin (TB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothromin time (PT), endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and pathological examination was also made at the same time. Results For the control group, contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH increased significantly and survival time was less than 24 hours. Contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH of the routine treatment group also increased significantly, but survival time of all the experimental animals was mere than 24 hours. Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate could reduce the extent of lesion quite significantly 12～24 hours following open abdominal injuries. Conclusions Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate seemed to have good effects on the treatment and prevention against hepatic damage induced by trauma coupled with seawater immersion. It could be used as a primary means for the treatment of such kind of hepatic damage.     

晚期恶性肿瘤患者的临终关怀

临终关怀是指对生存时间有限(6个月或更少)的患者进行适当的医院或家庭的医疗及护理,以使患者在余下的时间里获得尽可能好的生活质量。临终关怀和肿瘤预防治疗一样,是癌症研究中不可忽视的方面,其主要任务包括对症治疗、家庭护理、缓解症状、控制疼痛、减轻或消除患者的心理负担和消极情绪。晚期恶性肿瘤患者由于长期慢性消耗引起的恶病质,以及肿瘤广泛转移引起的机体各系统功能紊乱,加之综合治疗,既给患者带来躯体痛苦,又无明显效果,还给家庭带来巨大的经济负担,使患者的身心承受着巨大的痛苦,如何做好临终护理让他们无憾地到达生命的终点…     

铜代谢异常相关疾病研究

铜是人类和动物重要的必需微量元素，参与体内蛋白质、氨基酸、核酸等营养物质的代谢，铜代谢异常会造成多种疾病。本文主要综述铜在糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、高脂血症、骨质疏松等的发生发展以及治疗方面的作用。     

机械通气治疗小儿急性肺损伤

目的：探讨小儿急性肺损伤(ALI)的临床治疗。方法：对本院综合ICU1998年4月至2002年4月发生的22例小儿ALI的临床治疗情况进行回顾性分析。结果：本组22例小儿ALI采用呼吸末正压机械通气(PEEP)联合大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗，有效率为86．36％；3例死亡，死亡率为13．64％，死于多器官功能不全综合征(MODS)。结论：机械通气治疗小儿ALI应选择最佳PEEP，动态监测动脉血气指标和X线胸片，在综合治疗基础上加用大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗能收到较好的疗效。     

胰腺假性囊肿的诊治体会

目的 总结胰腺假性囊肿的诊治体会。方法 回顾性分析46例胰腺假性囊肿患者的临床资料，7例保守治疗，行内引流术12例，外引流术9例，序贯式内外引流术5例，胰腺部分切除术13例。结果 保守治疗者均痊愈，无复发；行内引流术者中有1例发生肠瘘，其余11例恢复良好无复发；行外引流术1例出现胰瘘，2例复发；行胰腺部分切除术者有1例出现胰瘘，其余恢复良好。结论 根据病情和病程选择合适的术式是治疗胰腺假性囊肿的关键。