Age and gender effects in EEG coherence: III. Girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated intrahemispheric and interhemispheric EEG coherences as a function of age in girls with different DSM-IV subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). It completes a series of 3 studies aimed at clarifying developmental and gender impacts on the coupling between brain regions in this disorder. METHODS: Three groups of 40 children (AD/HD combined type, AD/HD inattentive type, and normal controls) participated. Each group contained 8 females in each of 5, 1-year age bands from 8 to 12 years. EEG was recorded from 21 sites during an eyes-closed resting condition. Wave-shape coherence was calculated for 8 intrahemispheric electrode pairs (4 in each hemisphere), and 8 interhemispheric electrode pairs, within each of the delta, theta, alpha and beta bands. RESULTS: Developmental effects in intrahemispheric coherences at shorter and longer inter-electrode distances were not as predicted by Thatcher's two-compartment model, contrary to previous findings in boys. Females with AD/HD showed evidence of developmental delay and widespread anomalous elevations in coherence. Girls with AD/HD of the combined type showed similar but greater anomalies than girls with AD/HD of the inattentive type. CONCLUSIONS: Girls with AD/HD show coherence anomalies relative to age- and gender-matched controls, which differ substantially from those shown by boys with AD/HD. These coherence anomalies did not differ in nature between girls with different DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD, suggesting that subtype differences in girls reflect only symptom severity. SIGNIFICANCE: The data reported here indicate qualitative differences in EEG coherences in girls with AD/HD compared with controls, and quantitative differences between girls with different subtypes of AD/HD. Both sets of effects differ in nature from those previously found in boys with AD/HD, showing the need to carefully consider gender in future studies of AD/HD.     

Thrombus causing fatal left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a heart transplant patient

A 60 year male, orthotopic heart transplant recipient developed a fatal left ventricular outflow obstruction secondary to thrombus at 38 months post transplant. Although he had episodes of mild to moderate rejection at 2 and 16 months post transplant, subsequent biopsies were negative and annual cardiac catheterizations showed mild left ventricular hypokinesis and normal coronary arteries. This case represents a catastrophic complication of transplant rejection and illustrates the problems with identifying rejection using current diagnostic methods.     

Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy

Prophylactic administration of analgesics before surgery can decrease the intraoperative anaesthetic requirement and decrease pain during the early postoperative period. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 90 healthy ASA physical status I or II children undergoing bilateral myringotomy, we compared the postoperative analgesic effects of oral acetaminophen and ketorolac, when administered 30 min before induction of anaesthesia. Patients were randomized to receive saline (0.1 ml.kg-1), acetaminophen (10 mg.kg-1) or ketorolac (1 mg.kg-1) diluted in cherry syrup to a total volume of 5 ml. Anaesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide via a face mask. Postoperative pain was assessed by a blinded observer using an objective pain scale. The three study groups were similar with respect to demographic data, duration of anaesthesia and surgery, induction behaviour, oxygen saturation, incidence of postoperative emesis and, recovery times. The ketorolac group had lower postoperative pain scores and required less frequent analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period compared with the acetaminophen and placebo groups. In contrast, there were no differences in pain scores or analgesic requirements between the acetaminophen and the placebo groups. We conclude that the preoperative administration of oral ketorolac, but not acetaminophen, provided better postoperative pain control than placebo in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy.     

Liver transplant in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

There are no published accounts of patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts undergoing liver transplantation in the literature. Because patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts are prone to infections, this may be a theoretical contraindication to transplantation. We present a case of a patient with cirrhosis who had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed many years prior to transplantation. The patient had no neurological complications and the shunt was intact and functioning. Prior to transplantation, the patient underwent a ventriculoperitoneal to ventriculopleural shunt conversion that was reversed posttransplantation. Apart from some minor complications, the patient has done remarkably well from a graft and neurological perspective. In conclusion, patients who have ventriculoperitoneal shunts may be considered for liver transplantation as the risk of infectious and neurological complications is low and there are no deleterious effects on graft survival.     

Impact of Induction Chemotherapy and Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy on Operative Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Locoregional Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction

Background Significant tumor downstaging has been achieved in patients with localized gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma by induction chemotherapy and preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CTX–CTXRT). However, the influence of CTX–CTXRT on operative morbidity and mortality has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study was to document the frequency and nature of morbidity and mortality after surgery combined with CTX–CTXRT, and identify factors predictive of postoperative complications in patients with localized gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods A prospectively collected database on 71 consecutive patients who underwent CTX–CTXRT at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1997 and August 2004 was reviewed. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were investigated, and risk factors for overall complications were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38.0% (27 patients) and 2.8% (2 patients), respectively. Age greater than 60 years [relative risk 11.3 (95% confidence interval 2.50–50.6)] and body mass index (BMI) of 26 kg/m² or above [relative risk 4.08 (95% confidence interval 1.08–15.4)] were significant risk factors for overall complications. Conclusions CTX–CTXRT can be performed safely with an acceptable operative morbidity and a low operative mortality rate in patients with gastric or gastroesophageal cancer, with careful consideration of added risk associated with age and obesity.     

Seizure freedom off antiepileptic drugs after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.

Data are limited on seizure recurrence after antiepileptic drug (AED) discontinuation in operated seizure-free patients. We reviewed seizure outcome in patients who came off AEDs after being seizure-free for 2 years following temporal lobe surgery in our center. Thirty-nine (68%) of 57 patients who discontinued AED therapy remained seizure-free. They had a younger age at surgery than the group with seizure recurrence (p=0.01). Earlier surgery may be a favorable predictor for seizure freedom after AED discontinuation.     

Does the Farnsworth D15 test predict the ability to name colours?

Background: The Farnsworth D15 test is designed to categorise colour vision deficiency as severe or moderate. The level of difficulty of the test was set so that those who passed it should be able to recognise surface colour codes, such as those used for electrical wiring. The test is widely used to provide advice to patients with abnormal colour vision and is often used for occupational selection when reliable recognition of surface colour codes is required. However, there has been only one previous study of the correlation between performance at the D15 test and the naming of surface colour codes and there has been no study of whether a person who passes the D15 can reliably name surface colours. Methods: One hundred and two people aged 11 to 65 years with abnormal colour vision were recruited from consecutively presenting optometric patients and were asked to name the colours of fabric, paint and cotton thread samples. There were 10 colours in each class of material and the samples were presented in a large (five to 10 degree angular subtense) and small size (2.5 deg and a single thread). The errors made were compared to those made by an age‐matched control group of equal size with normal colour vision. Results: The correlations between the Farnsworth D15 colour confusion index and colour naming errors were 0.62 for the large stimuli and 0.73 for the small stimuli. Its sensitivity and specificity identifymg those who made more errors than the worst performing colour normal person were 0.80 and 0.69 (large stimuli) and 0.75 and 0.71 (small stimuli). A Nagel anomaloscope range of less than 35 scale units provides essentially the same sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: About 40 per cent of those with abnormal colour vision can name the main colours correctly under good visibility conditions. The D15 test is an imperfect predictor of those who can name surface colour codes correctly but it does provide useful information for general counselling. It is not suitable as a single test for occupational selection because it will pass 20 per cent who cannot name surface colours correctly and fail 30 per cent who can. In occupations in which recognition of surface colour codes is of critical importance, it may be best not to select people with abnormal colour vision because of the lack of a colour vision test that is a perfect predictor of the ability to recognise surface colours.