The differentiation of delayed hemolytic and delayed serologic transfusion reactions: incidence and predictors of hemolysis

BACKGROUND: After differentiation of the entities of clinically detectable delayed hemolytic (DHTR) and delayed serologic transfusion reactions (DSTR), previous investigators calculated a DHTR:DSTR incidence ratio of 18:72 from a retrospective review of patients with serologic evidence of DHTR or DSTR. There are no published data on factors that may influence the occurrence of DHTR versus DSTR in a given patient. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective review was conducted of 292 patients at the Mayo Clinic who, between 1980 and 1992, received a clinical diagnosis of DHTR or DSTR concurrently with a serologic diagnosis. Red cell alloantibody specificity, the activity of the patient's reticuloendothelial system, and concurrent immunosuppression were evaluated as potential predictors of the occurrence of DHTR versus DSTR in different patients. RESULTS: The incidence of DHTR or DSTR was 1 in 1899 allogeneic red cell units transfused, with a DHTR:DSTR ratio of 36:64. Alloantibody specificity was the only variable that affected the occurrence of DHTR versus DSTR at the clinical level, with the anti-Jka and anti-Fya specificities, as well as multiple coexisting specificities, significantly associated with detectable hemolysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Clinically detectable DHTRs are found to occur more commonly than previously believed when the clinical and serologic diagnoses are made concurrently and appropriate work-ups for hemolysis are ordered. The association of certain alloantibody specificities with detectable DHTRs may have implications for clinical transfusion practice.     

重组内皮抑制素抑制大鼠角膜移植术后的新生血管

目的:内皮抑制素是一种内源性血管内皮细胞的强效抑制剂,实验拟验证局部应用重组内皮抑制素滴眼液对大鼠角膜移植术后新生血管的抑制作用.方法:实验于2005-09/2006-03在重庆医科大学附属第一医院实验动物中心完成.①选用清洁级成年雌性SD大鼠(受体)60只,Wistar大鼠(供体)30只,建立大鼠同种异体穿透性角膜移植模型,供体提供双眼角膜,受体均选择右眼手术.移植术后按随机数字表法分成内皮抑制素组和对照组,分别用50mg/L的内皮抑制素眼液及赋形剂滴眼.②于术后1周、2周、3周、1个月及2个月5个时间点,麻醉后每组随机处死6只大鼠.观察角膜新生血管生长状况;比较各组角膜植片透明度、水肿、新生血管程度及移植排斥反应指数;检测角膜植片上内皮抑制素及血管内皮生长因子的表达情况.结果:60只受体大鼠全部进入结果分析.①内皮抑制素组大鼠角膜新生血管面积显著低于对照组(P＜0.05～0.01).②内皮抑制素组大鼠的排斥反应指数在术后1周、2周、3周、1个月及2个月均低于对照组(P＜0.05～0.01).③与对照组相比,内皮抑制素组角膜植片组织中内皮抑制素的表达明显增强(P＜0.05～0.01),血管内皮生长因子的表达明显降低(P＜0.05～0.01).结论:内皮抑制素滴眼液可以有效抑制大鼠角膜移植术后角膜新生血管的形成,下调角膜植片中血管内皮生长因子的表达,从而降低角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应的发生,为临床防治角膜移植术后新生血管提供了新的思路.     

Clinical features of generalized lipodystrophy in Turkey: A cohort analysis

Aim

To describe the Turkish generalized lipodystrophy (GL) cohort with the frequency of each complication and the death rate during the period of the follow-up.

Methods

This study reports on 72 patients with GL (47 families) registered at different centres in Turkey that cover all regions of the country. The mean ± SD follow-up was 86 ± 78 months.

Results

The Kaplan–Meier estimate of the median time to diagnosis of diabetes and/or prediabetes was 16 years. Hyperglycaemia was not controlled in 37 of 45 patients (82.2%) with diabetes. Hypertriglyceridaemia developed in 65 patients (90.3%). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of the median time to diagnosis of hypertriglyceridaemia was 14 years. Hypertriglyceridaemia was severe (≥ 500 mg/dl) in 38 patients (52.8%). Seven (9.7%) patients suffered from pancreatitis. The Kaplan–Meier estimate of the median time to diagnosis of hepatic steatosis was 15 years. Liver disease progressed to cirrhosis in nine patients (12.5%). Liver disease was more severe in congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (CGL2). Proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD) developed in 32 patients (44.4%) and cardiac disease in 23 patients (31.9%). Kaplan–Meier estimates of the median time to diagnosis of CKD and cardiac disease were 25 and 45 years, respectively. Females appeared to have a more severe metabolic disease, with an earlier onset of metabolic abnormalities. Ten patients died during the follow-up period. Causes of death were end-stage renal disease, sepsis (because of recurrent intestinal perforations, coronavirus disease, diabetic foot infection and following coronary artery bypass graft surgery), myocardial infarction, heart failure because of dilated cardiomyopathy, stroke, liver complications and angiosarcoma.

Conclusions

Standard treatment approaches have only a limited impact and do not prevent the development of severe metabolic abnormalities and early onset of organ complications in GL.