Normal heterophoric changes: 20 years' follow-up

Background: Evaluation of changes in the heterophoric condition of 100 normal individuals over a 20-year period. Methods: A reprospective study was undertaken. Charts of 100 normal men were reviewed. Individual changes in the heterophoric status were recorded over a 20-year period. The average value of the phoria at age 18–22 years was compared with the average value at age 34–38 years. Measurements were taken for near and distance fixation. No one was heterotropic. Changes in convergence and accommodation were also calculated. Results: A 0.9 ± 1.7 prism diopter increase in esophoria for distance fixation and a 0.6±2.5 prism diopter increase in exophoria for near fixation were found. These changes were statistically significant (P<0.001 andP<0.02 respectively). The near point of convergence receded by 0.5 ± 1.1 cm (P<0.001), and a decrease in accommodation over time of 2.8 ± 1.4 diopters was found (P<0.001). Conclusion: An increase in esophoria for distance fixation and a exophoria for near fixation was found in a 20-year follow-up of 100 normal subjects.     

Interphase nucleolar organizer region distribution in the tissues of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer

The AgNOR technique, was applied to oral tissue sections of 185 oral cancer, 42 oral leukoplakia, 37 oral submucous fibrosis and 10 normal subjects to investigate whether any correlation held good in these different tissues. Compared to the AgNOR counts in normal oral epithelium, there was a gradation in increase in the mean AgNOR counts from oral leukoplakia to oral submucous fibrosis to oral carcinoma (P<0.01). This suggests that AgNOR count parallels with the degree of neoplastic transformation of oral epithelium. Three oral submucous fibrosis patients who showed very high AgNOR counts as that of oral cancer patients, later developed oral carcinoma. Among the oral cancer tissues, the moderately and poorly differentiated subtypes showed higher AgNOR counts and scattered distribution pattern than the well differentiated subtype which showed a clustered distribution pattern. These results suggest that AgNOR technique can be utilised as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in premalignant and malignant oral tissues.     

Correlation of quantitative measures with the modified Ashworth scale in the assessment of plantar flexor spasticity in patients with traumatic brain injury

This study of plantar flexor spasticity describes relationships among a traditional qualitative spasticity scale, three potential quantitative spasticity measures and a measure of voluntary ankle muscle function. Thirty-four volunteer adult patients with traumatic brain injuries participated. There were 28 males and 6 females; the mean age was 30.3 years. A battery of five randomly sequenced tests was performed for each subject on one ankle. Tests were: modified Ashworth scale (MAS) scoring; H-reflex testing with and without Achilles tendon vibration; H-reflex testing with and without dorsiflexor contraction; reflex threshold angle and timed toe tapping (TTT). Twenty-six subjects returned to have the second ankle tested, resulting in 60 ankles for the analyses. Spearman's coefficients for correlation of quantitative spasticity measures with MAS scores ranged from 0.39 to 0.49 with associated probabilities 0.002. Pearson coefficients for correlation of quantitative spasticity measures with TTT scores were lower but also significant (P 0.07). Multiple correlation for the set of quantitative measures yieldedR = 0.614 (P < 0.001) with MAS scores andR = 0.365 (P = 0.045) with TTT scores. These findings reveal statistically significant relationships of low to moderate strength among potential quantitative spasticity measures, a traditional qualitative spasticity scale and a simple measure of voluntary ankle muscle function. Understanding these relationships is an essential part of the ongoing search for quantitative spasticity measures.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.     

Impact of Treatment for Childhood Obesity on Parental Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Background. Family-based approaches using the parents as agents of change to treat childhood obesity are superior to programs targeting only children in achieving weight reduction and have a lower dropout rate.Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of two behavioral approaches (parents only vs children only) for the treatment of childhood obesity on parental weight, eating, and activity habits as well as cardiovascular risk factors.Design. A randomized 1-year clinical intervention study was performed.Methods. Sixty obese children (≥20% over ideal weight for age, height, and sex), ages 6–11 years, were randomly allocated to the experimental (parents as sole agents of change) or conventional groups (children as sole agents of change). Fourteen (1-h-long) support/educational sessions were conducted by a clinical dietitian for the parents in the experimental group and 30 sessions for children in the conventional group. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were determined at the start and end of the program.Results. The experimental approach, when compared to the conventional intervention, was found to be superior in the reduction of fathers overweight (P < 0.05). The former approach resulted also in improved profile of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in both parents. These changes could be ascribed to a greater improvement in eating and activity behaviors observed in parents belonging to the experimental intervention group who participated in a family-based intervention to treat their children's obesity.Conclusions. Treatment of childhood obesity targeting the parents as the sole agent of change, which is more effective for the treatment of childhood obesity when compared to a children-oriented program, may in addition award parents with the benefit of changing their own eating and activity patterns, thus making this program ideal for treatment of obesity in children and their overweight parents.     

Osteosarcoma of the sella

Primary osteosarcoma of the skull is rare. Osteosarcoma arising from the sellar region is extremely uncommon. The case of a 38-year-old man with osteosarcoma of the sella is described, and the literature is reviewed. The patient was treated with surgery followed by aggressive chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Currently he is in remission at 12 months.     

Progression of steroid-associated osteoporosis after heart transplantation

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis has been recognized as an important side effect of long-term and of pulsed steroid application after heart transplantation. METHODS: In June 1989 a prospective clinical trial was started to study bone demineralization by quantitative computed tomographic scan. All patients received vitamin D and calcium. In group I (n = 30) synthetic calcitonin (40 Medical Research Council Standard Units subcutaneously per day was administered in 14-day cycles, whereas group II patients (n = 31) received a placebo preparation. Repeat trabecular and cortical quantitative computed tomographic scans of the thoracic (T12) and lumbar spine (L1, L2, L3) were obtained within 48 weeks after heart transplantation. RESULTS: Expressed as the means of T12, L1, L2, and L3, trabecular bone density decreased significantly from 100+/-24 to 79+/-29 mg/mL within 3 weeks after heart transplantation, followed by a further reduction to 67+/-29 mg/mL after 3 months in the calcitonin group. The values for cortical bone density decreased significantly from 229+/-37 to 202+/-40 mg/mL (calcitonin) 3 weeks after heart transplantation. Comparable results were obtained in the placebo group. In both groups bone density remained stable thereafter. Intergroup differences were not of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: In heart transplant recipients progressive trabecular bone demineralization is limited to the first 3 postoperative months. Thereafter, bone density remained stable. A positive effect of synthetic calcitonin in addition to prophylactic calcium and vitamin D application could not be proved by repeat quantitative computed tomography.     

Management of degenerative disc disease above an L5-S1 segment requiring arthrodesis.

Clear guidelines exist for treating spondylolisthetic deformity and instability. How the surgeon handles adjacent-level degenerative disease is not as well established. Because magnetic resonance imaging now provides us with far more information on the "health" of radiographically normal intervertebral discs, the treatment of dehydrated or degenerated discs adjacent to a fusion is becoming more problematic. In this discussion, two experts discuss their approach to symptomatic lumbosacral spondolisthesis accompanied by adjacent-level disc degeneration. Drs. Herkowitz and Abraham believe strongly that the adjacent segment should be left alone, whereas Dr. Albert recommends extending the fusion in many instances.     

Inhibition of allergen-induced pulmonary responses by the selective tryptase inhibitor 1,5-bis-[4-[(3-carbamimidoyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-methyl]-phenoxy]-pen tane (AMG-126737)

Emerging evidence suggests that mast cell tryptase is a therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma. The effects of this serine protease are associated with both pathophysiologic pulmonary responses and pathologic changes of the asthmatic airway. In this study, the tryptase inhibitor 1,5-bis-[4-[(3-carbamimidoyl-benzenesulfonylamino)-methyl]-p henoxy]-pentane (AMG-126737) was evaluated for its pharmacologic effects against allergen-induced airway responses. AMG-126737 is a potent inhibitor of human lung mast cell tryptase (Ki = 90 nM), with greater than 10- to 200-fold selectivity versus other serine proteases. Intratracheal administration of AMG-126737 inhibited the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in allergen-challenged guinea pigs with an ED50 of 0.015 mg/kg. In addition, the compound exhibited oral activity in the guinea pig model. The in vivo activity of AMG-126737 was confirmed in a sheep model of allergen-induced airway responses, where the compound inhibited early and late phase bronchoconstriction responses and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. These results support the proposed role of tryptase in the pathology of asthma and suggest that AMG-126737 has potential therapeutic utility in this pulmonary disorder.     

The steroid profile of a virilizing ovarian tumor.

A case report of a 25-year-old female with a sex cord stromal virilizing ovarian tumor is presented. The pathway of ovarian steroid secretion in this tumor is elucidated with the dominant elements being pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. The tumor primarily made testosterone (T) with lesser elevations of androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Expert pathologic opinions differed whether this neoplasm was a Sertoli-Leydig tumor or a virilizing granulosa tumor; therefore, it was probably a gynandroblastoma. A unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and the patient promptly resumed normal ovarian function with ovulation.     

Zusammenh?nge zwischen Arbeitst?tigkeit und Ruhestandspl?nen

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen des Nationalfonds-Projekts «Arbeitstätigkeit und Ruhestandspläne» wurden in einer Erkundungsstudie Auswirkungen der langfristig ausgeübten Arbeitstätigkeit auf die Bildung von Plänen für die Zeit nach der Pensionierung untersucht. Dabei wurden 200 Personen im Alter von 64 Jahren aus der unmittelbaren Produktion in verschiedenen Betrieben der metallverarbeitenden Industrie mit Hilfe von halbstandardisierten Interviews befragt. Die Fragen betrafen im wesentlichen die Bereiche Arbeit, Freizeit und Pläne für die Zeit der bevorstehenden Pensionierung. Es bestand die Annahme, dass für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung der Pensionierungssituation Pläne notwendig und unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die Ausbildung von Plänen der Erwerb und die fortwährende Weiterentwicklung sozialer und kognitiver Handlungskompetenz sind. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass der prozentuale Anteil von Personen ohne oder mit nur unspezifischen Plänen mit abnehmender Grösse des Handlungsspielraums in der Arbeit zunimmt. Die Untersuchung ergab weiter, dass Personen, die ihre kognitive Handlungskompetenz in der Arbeit trainieren konnten, mehr Pläne mit kognitivem Inhalt bilden, als Personen mit kleinem kognitivem Handlungsspielraum in der Arbeit; analog verhält es sich mit der sozialen Handlungskompetenz in der Arbeit.

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Work Activities and retirement plans

In the course of the research project Work Activities and Retirement Plans financed by the National Foundation of Research, a study was made to explore the consequences of longterm working activities on planning of the time of retirement. 200 persons at the age of 64 years, working on shop floor of enterprises in the metal industry were asked about their work, leisure and plans about the approaching retirement. It was hypothesized that plans are necessary for the successful coping of the retirement situation. For the setting up of plans it is required that social and cognitive competence can be acquired and constantly trained. It has been shown that the proportion of persons with none or unspecific plans rises with the span of action getting smaller. Furthermore the study showed that persons who could train their cognitive competence at work set up more plans with cognitive content than persons who could not: the analogical result has been found with the social competence.

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Travail et plans de retraite

Résumé L'étude «Travail et Plans de Retraite» faite dans le cadre d'un projet financé par le Fond National, explorait les conséquences du travail longuement effectué sur la formation des plans pour le temps de la retraite. 200 personnes, à l'âge de 64 ans, travaillant dans la production directe des entreprises de l'industrie des métaux, étaient interrogées par la méthode des interviews demi-standardisés. Les questions concernaient les sujets du travail, du loisir et de la retraite proche. Il était supposé que la formation des plans était nécessaire pour survenir avec succès la situation de la retraite. Prémisse indispensable pour la formation des plans est l'acquisition et le développement permanent de la compétence sociale et cognitive. Il s'est montré que la proportion des personnes sans plans ou avec des plans sans contenu spécifique augmente avec la latitude d'action. De plus, le résultat de l'étude était que des personnes qui pouvaient entraÎner leur compétence cognitive en travail forment plus de plans avec un contenu cognitif que des personnes qui n'en avaient pas l'occasion; ainsi se présente le résultat avec la compétence sociale.

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Nationalfonds-Projekt Nr. 1.656-077, durchgeführt am Lehrstuhl für Arbeits- und Betriebspsychologie der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule in Zürich (Prof. Dr. Eberhard Ulich)