医药企业介入零售终端的动机分析

随着平价药房的不断出现,许多制药企业开始介入零售终端,其介入的动机是什么,本文从理论上对这一问题进行了详细的分析,发现其动机主要有控制价格、防止"窜货"、维护销售网络、提升品牌、实施前向一体化战略、获取先发优势等.同时希望分析的结果能对关心这方面内容的各界人士有所启发.     

自血回输治疗4例急性心包压塞临床报告

我院自1993年～2003年间，先后采用自血回输的方法治疗4例导管操作所致的急性心包压塞患者，现报告如下。     

鼠疫自然疫源地调查预防方法

鼠疫(Plague)是由鼠疫杆菌经跳蚤或其他传播途径而引起的一种危害人类最严重的烈性自然疫源性传染病。本病原在啮齿动物间流行,仅在一定条件下通过病鼠、带菌蚤或其他途径将鼠疫杆菌传给人,造成人间鼠疫,预防不当可致广泛大流行,历史上有过惨痛的教训。1流行病学特点1.1疫源地特点和分布:鼠疫疫源地分布非常广泛,北纬35~48°、南纬10~30°为鼠疫自然疫源地带,而北纬35~南纬35°之间为家鼠鼠疫疫源地带。在上述地区内,若存在适当啮齿动物和媒介蚤,并且有鼠疫杆菌在宿主间不断循环的条件,就可以存在鼠疫疫源地。我国鼠疫疫源地可以分为两大类…     

失喑治验

失喑是临床常见病症，中医有暴喑久喑之分，采用辨证论治，疗效显著。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对大鼠仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响

Objective To study the effects of prenatal and postnatal perfluorooetane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure on spatial learning and memory, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B) mRNA and protein level in frontal cortex and hippoeampus of rat pups and to explore the mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity induced by PFOS. Methods Twenty-eight pregnant mrs were randomly divided into three groups in proportion of 3: 2: 2,including control group (C), low dose group (L) and high dose group (H) by means of randomized number table, which respectively received 0,7.2, 14.4 mg/kg PFOS feed from pregnancy day 0 to postnatal day(PND)30 by free feedings. The animal models of prenatal and postnatal non-exposure (CC), prenatal exposure (LC and HC), postnatal exposure (CL and CH), and prenatal and postnatal exposure (LL and HH) to PFOS were established by cross-fostering method. The spatial learning and memory were measured by water maze experiment,the NR2B mRNA levels in frontal cortex of rat pups was determined with semi-quantitative RT-PCR, NR2B protein express in cerebral cortex (frontal and tempera]cortex) and hippocampus (CAI, CA3, CA4 and DG regions) of rat pups was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results The escape latency of CL, CH, LL and HH groups pups in water maze experiment were (99. 83±25.77) s, (111.30±17. 82) s, (106. 40±18. 71) s, (107.70±16. 85) s, and longer as compared with CC group[(54.90±26.69)s](q value were 4.349,4.773,6.026 and 5.641, respectively,P<0. 01). The number of errors of HH group rat pups entering dead end was (22. 30±7.56) at the training day 4,and it was significantly higher than that of CC group (9. 80±4. 64) (q=5. 173,P<0. 01). The NR2B mRNA levels of frontal cortex of pups in HC group at PND1 ,and LC group, HC group and HH group at PND14 were (0. 167±0. 008), (0. 364±0. 035), (0. 341±0. 030) and (0. 328±0. 045) respectively,which were significantly lower than CC group (0.271±0.060) and (0.465±0.067) (q values were 3. 547, 3. 739, 4. 597 and 5. 006, respectively, P<0.05) . The results of immunohistochemistry indicated that NR2B protein express of the hippocampus CA1 region of pups in LC group was (0.091±0.005),and showed significant lower than CC group which was (0. 123±0.009) at PND1 (q=5. 209 ,P<0. 05). At PND14, the effect of PFOS extended to cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions. At PND28, the effects of PFOS were showed in hippocampus CA1, CA3 and temporal cortex regions. Conclusion Prenatal and postnatal exposure to PFOS should result in the spatial learning and memory damage,and the mechanism might be possibly involved in the decrease of NR2B level in cerebra lcortex and hippocampal formation regions.     

创伤性瘫痪患者早期康复护理

创伤外科的病人可产生一系列病理、生理、心理变化。周兰姝等认为建立从院前预防、急救开始至院后康复教育的一体化模式是健康教育发展的必然趋势。创伤性瘫痪病人长期卧床 ,恢复较慢 ,易出现并发症 ,对社会和家庭造成很大的负担。传统的治疗护理中 ,早期康复护理介入很少。许多患者因没有进行早期康复锻炼和良好肢位设计 ,而造成肌肉萎缩、关节挛缩变形、骨质疏松等 ,严重影响了肢体功能恢复。为最大限度地帮助患者获得生活自理能力 ,减少后遗症 ,提高生活质量 ,我们对 2 0 0 0年 12月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月收治的 6 4例创伤性瘫痪患者 ,进行了…     

抑制性单核细胞及其因子引起体外PHA淋转低下的实验证据

采用细胞组分分离及密度稀释等方法,把人体外周血中参与PHA淋转的主要成份分为三种:淋巴细胞(反应者),单核细胞和血清(调节者)。取淋转低反应者及正常反应者的上述三成份在体外进行组合,研究PHA淋转中异体细胞间以及细胞与血清间的相互作用,发现低反应者的淋巴细胞功能正常,而单核细胞及血清调节功能低下。进一步分析证明后者主要由强烈的抑制作用所引起,且血清抑制因子可来自单核细胞。这表明人体对PHA刺激的低反应性有可能由辅助细胞调节功能的异常(此处为抑制性单核细胞过度表达)所引起。     

双解退热口服液药效学试验研究

双解退热口服液（以下简称双解）是数十年临床验方,由黄芩、大黄、石膏、柴胡等中药组成,具有表邪散、里热清、表里双解、解毒、退热、消炎、利便等功效,我们就其功效进行了有关研究。1试验材料双解：自制,每毫升含2克生药,给药剂量单位（g／kg体重）。浓缩或稀释到规定体积给药。清开灵日服液：广州明兴制药厂出品,批号：900622,剂量单位（ml／kg体重）,浓缩或稀释到规定体积给药。阿斯匹林：山东新华制药厂出品,批号;910204OI,剂量单位（g／kg体重）,溶解于规定体积给药。鸡蛋清：取自农贸市场新鲜鸡蛋。伤寒苗苗：卫生部武…     

枫杨萘醌对常见菌的抗菌谱、最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度研究

目的研究枫杨抗菌单体5-羟基-2-乙氧基-1,4-萘醌体外抗菌谱和活性强度。方法用琼脂平板法测定抗菌谱;以左氧氟沙星和阿奇霉素作为对照,用试管二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果该物质对常规菌株具有较为广泛的抗菌谱,对金黄色葡萄球菌(MIC为12.5μg.ml-1,MBC为50.0μg.ml-1)、大肠杆菌(MIC为6.25μg.ml-1,MBC为25.0μg.ml-1)、姜瘟菌(MIC为3.125μg.ml-1,MBC为6.25μg.ml-1)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(MIC为6.25μg.ml-1,MBC为25.0μg.ml-1)、白色念球菌(MIC为3.125μg.ml-1;MBC为12.5μg.ml-1)、沙门氏菌(MIC为25μg.ml-1;MBC为100.0μg.ml-1)有显著的拮抗作用。结论该物质抗菌谱较广,抗菌活性强度近似于左氧氟沙星,而远强于阿奇霉素。