短时间血液滤过对重症急性胰腺炎并发ARDS的辅助治疗作用

目的探讨早期短时间血液滤过（shon—terrahemofihration）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的辅助治疗作用。方法研究对象为15例确诊为SAP且发病72h内进入ICU、并发ARDS而接受呼吸机治疗的患者。所有患者在常规治疗的基础上均接受短时间血液滤过治疗。采用脉搏轮廓波形分析法（PiCCO）连续监测患者血流动力学（包括心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）]及血管外肺水指数（EVL-WI）,呼吸机连续监测呼吸力学。检测血液滤过治疗前及治疗后6、12、24h动脉血气;留取血液滤过治疗前及治疗后6h血样,检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）及C-反应蛋白（CRP）的变化。结果与治疗前比较,血液滤过治疗后6、12、24h患者血流动力学（HR及MAP）、动脉血pH、动脉血氧分压（PaO：）、氧合指数和肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）均明显改善,EVLWI明显降降低（P〈0．05）,气道峰压（Ppeak）明显降低（P〈0．05）;血液滤过治疗后6h血清TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6、CRP均明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论早期短时间血液滤过能降低SAP患者的炎症介质,并改善SAP合并ARDS时的呼吸循环功能。     

心脏起搏促使低钾患者发生扭转型室速一例

患者男性,79岁,因阵发性头晕、胸闷1年,晕厥发作半小时于1999年5月26日入院。检查:BP17/9kpa,神志清,双肺(一),心率47次/分,律齐,A2>P2,心尖区可闻及/收缩期杂音。辅助检查:血钾3.5mmol/L,钙1.0mmol/L,心肌酶谱及肝肾功能均正常。心电图(图略)示:PP0.64S,PR0.16S,QT0.48S,房率94次/分,2∶1房室传导,室率47次/分。心电图主要诊断:(1)窦性心律;(2)度房室传导阻滞(2∶1传导)。入院后给予阿托品、心宝,烟酰胺等药物治疗,数日后病人心电图及临床症状均无好转,于是拟在临时起搏器的保护下植入永久心脏起搏器。6月24日在电视透视下于右股静…     

小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘的护理分析

目的研究分析小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床护理。方法选取2012年3月~2013年3月在我院接受治疗的小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘患者200例，并将他们随机分成A组和B组，各组100例。A组采用常规护理，B组加强整体全面的护理，对比这组治疗效果。结果A组总有效率为95%,B组总有效率为79%，A组高于B组，其差异有统计学意义(<0.05)。两组的不良反应率分别为：A组为5%，B组为21%，B组的不良反应率明显高于A组，差异具有统计学意义(<0.05)。结论对小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘加强其护理干预，可显著提高治疗效果，不但能确保医护安全，还能改善患儿的生存质量。值得推广和运用。     

不同呼气末正压对ARDS犬肺复张后氧输送的影响

Objective To explore the effect of different positive end expiratory pressures (PEEP) on oxygen delivery (DO2) after recruitment maneuvers (RM) in dogs with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method After ARDS models established in 15 dogs by oleic acid, static P-V (pressure-volume) curves were determined by low flow technique. Lower inflection point (LIP) was set by two-way linear regression methods. RM was operated with the pressure control method. ARDS dog models were randomly divided into three groups, namely PEEP 8 cmH2O group (group A), 12 cmH2O group (group B) and 16cmH2O group (group C) after RM (equivalent to pressure at4 cmH2O under LIP, 4 cmH2O near LIP, and 4 cmH2O above LIP, respectively). Hemodynamics and arterial blood gas analysis were monitored before RM, 0, 5, 10 and 15 min after RM. The recruited volume was measured by P-V curve method 15 min after RM and respiratory mechanics was also observed at the same time. Then DO2 was calculated. The quantitative variables were summarized as the mean and SD. The t-test was used to compare continuous variables between the two independent samples. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare variables among three groups. The level of significance was set at P＜0.05 for all the tests. Results In group A, the levels of PaO2 were significantly reduced 5 min, 10 min and 15 min after RM[(257 ± 23 )mmHg, (253±21)mmHg, and (255±19)mmHg] compared with PaO2 at 0 min [(322 ± 20) mmHg] (P＜0.05).But in group B and group C, the levels of PaO2 5 min, 10 min and 15 min after RM were not lower than level of PaO2 at 0 min after RM (P＞0.05 ). The levels of PaO2 in groups B and C were higher than that in group A at the same time (P＜0.05). The recruited volume distinctly increased with PEEP levels escalated [(50±12 ) mL, (124 ±15) mL, and ( 157 ±10)mL](P＜0.05). However, the increment in the recruited volume from PEEP 8 cmH2O to 12 cmH2O was dramatically greater than that from PEEP 12 cmH2O to 16 cmH2O.There was no significant difference in static compliance between group A and B [(14.3 ± 2.2) mL/cmH2O vs. (17.2±1.4)mL/cmH2O] (P ＞ 0.05 ). But compared with groups A and B, the static compliance in the group C significantly reduced(10.5 ± 0.9) mL/cmH2O ( P ＜ 0.05 ). The ratios of DO2 after RM to DO2 before RM were different at different levels of PEEP. The levels of DO2 after RM[( 1.15 ± 0. 11 ),( 1. 14 ± 0.12), ( 1.14 ± 0. 12) and ( 1.16 ± 0.11 )] increased more greatly than that before RM ( 1.00 ±0.09) in the group B (P ＜ 0.05 ). It did not occurred in the groups A and C. Conclusions The PEEP 12 cmH2O set at near the LIP after RM could be the optimal PEEP. Not only can it improve DO2 and the static compliance, but also maintain oxygenation and the recruited volume after RM.     

自主呼吸试验前后下腔静脉变异度对呼吸衰竭合并心功能不全患者撤机失败的预测价值

目的评价自主呼吸试验(SBT)前后下腔静脉变异度(△DIVC)对呼吸衰竭合并心功能不全患者机械通气后撤机失败的预测价值。方法选取2016年11月至2018年2月在徐州市中心医院ICU进行机械通气的呼吸衰竭合并心功能不全患者120例。患者30 min SBT成功后拔管,48 h内不需要再次气管插管和无创呼吸机辅助为撤机成功组(n=62);30 min SBT失败或者SBT成功后拔管,但48 h内需要再次插管或无创呼吸机辅助为撤机失败组(n=58)。分别在SBT前和30 min后记录并比较2组患者的临床特征及△DIVC。采用SPSS 17.0软件统计分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验或χ~2检验。采用多因素logistic回归法分析影响撤机失败的独立危险因素。利用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估△DIVC对撤机失败的预测价值。结果 2组患者在慢性呼吸疾病、急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、第1次插管到拔管的持续时间和血红蛋白水平方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与撤机成功组比较,撤机失败组患者在SBT前及30 min后二氧化碳分压和N端脑钠肽前体显著升高,左室射血分数(LVEF)显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在SBT后30 min,撤机失败组患者△DIVC较撤机成功组显著升高,差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。多变量logistic回归分析显示,LVEF(OR=1.204,95%CI 1.133～1.381;P=0.015)和SBT后30 min的△DIVC(OR=1.450,95%CI 1.102～2.026;P=0.009)是患者撤机失败的独立危险因素。SBT后30 min的△DIVC预测患者撤机失败的ROC曲线下面积为0.905,最佳截断点0.27,灵敏度为82.4%,特异度为94.4%。LVEF预测患者撤机失败的曲线下面积为0.806,最佳截断点为42.0%,灵敏度为54.5%,特异度为86.8%。结论 SBT 30 min后的△DIVC对于呼吸衰竭合并心功能不全患者撤机失败具有较高的预测价值。     

反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征家兔肺损伤的影响

目的 评价反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)家兔肺损伤的影响.方法 家兔24只,雌雄各半,体重2.5～3.5 kg,采用随机数字表法,将兔随机分为4组(n=6):正常对照组(Ⅰ组)、ARDS模型组(Ⅱ组)、肺保护性通气组(Ⅲ组)和反复肺复张联合肺保护性通气组(Ⅳ组).麻醉下进行机械通气,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组采用静脉输注油酸0.1 ml/kg(经15 min输注)的方法 制备ARDS模型,模型制备成功后经3 min确定静态压力.容积曲线低位转折点.Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的通气参数为:VT12 ml/kg,通气频率30次/min,呼气末正压(PEEP)0,FiO2 1.0,氧流量1 L/min,吸气时间0.6 s,吸呼比1.0∶2.3;Ⅲ和Ⅳ组通气参数为:VT6 ml/kg,PEEP为静态压力-容积曲线低位转折点对应气道力+2 cm H2O,其他通气参数同Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,Ⅳ组分别在确定静态压力-容积曲线低位转折点后即刻、1、2和3 h时实施肺复张.肺复张的方法:吸气压力为30 cm H2O,吸气时间为30 s.分别于每次肺复张后采集动脉血样,测定PaO2,计算氧合指数.最后一次肺复张后1 h处死动物,取肺组织,测定TNF-α和IL-10的含量、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和湿/干重比(W/D比),计算TNF-α与IL-10的比值(TNF-α/IL-10),光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组氧合指数降低,肺组织TNF-α/IL-10、MPO、MDA和W/D比升高(P＜0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组氧合指数升高,肺组织TNF-α/IL-10、MPO、MDA和W/D比降低(P＜0.05);与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅳ组氧合指数升高,肺组织TNF-α/IL-10、MPO、MDA和W/D比降低(P＜0.05).Ⅳ组肺组织损伤程度轻于Ⅲ组.结论 与肺保护性通气比较,肺保护性通气期间反复肺复张可进一步减轻ARDS家兔肺损伤,其机制与抑制肺组织炎性反应有关.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of alveolar recruitment maneuvers (ARM) combined with lung protection mechanical ventilation on lung injury in a rabbit model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) .Methods Twenty-four rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.5-3.5 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6 each):normal control group(group Ⅰ);ARDS group(group Ⅱ);ARDS+lung protection mechanical ventilation group (group Ⅲ) and ARDS + lung protection mechanical ventilation + ARM group (group Ⅳ). The animals were anesthetized with iv pentobarbital 20 mg/kg, tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with iv gammahydroxybutyrate infusion 100 mg·kg-1·h-1 and intermittent iv boluses of vecuronium. ARDS was induced with oleic acid 0.1 ml/kg injected iv over 15 min in Ⅱ ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups. In Ⅰand Ⅱ groups VT = 12 ml/kg, RR=30 bpm, I∶E=1.0=2.3, PEEP=0, FiO2=1, while in Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups VT=6 ml/kg, RR=30 bpm, I∶E=1.0=2.3, PEEP=airway pressure at lower inflection point+2 cm H2O, FiO2=1.ARM was performed by increasing the airway pressure to 30 cm H2O for 30 s once an hour in group Ⅳ. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed after each ARM. The animals were sacrificed at 1 h after the 3rd ARM. The lungs were removed for microscopic examination and determination of W/D lung weight ratio, TNF-α, IL-10 and MDA contents and MPO activity. TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was calculated. Results ARDS significantly decreased PaO2/FiO2 and increased TNF-α/IL-10 and W/D lung weight ratio, MPO activity and MDA content in the lung tissue. Lung protection mechanical ventilation significantly increased PaO2/FiO2 and decreased TNF-α/IL-10 and W/ D lung weight ratio, MPO activity and MDA content in the lung tissue. Lung protection mechanical ventilation + ARM significantly increased PaO2/FiO2 and decreased TNF-α/IL-10, W/D lung weight ratio, MDA content and MPO activity in group Ⅳ. Conclusion ARM combined with lung protection mechanical ventilation can further attenuate ARDS-induced lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory response.     

不同肺复张方法对急性呼吸窘迫综合征犬血流动力学的影响

肺复张能增加急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的肺容积，同时有效的肺复张还能改善气体交换及减轻机械通气相关性肺损伤。然而，肺复张过程中可致胸内压升高，对静脉回流、心脏充盈、心输出量、血压等产生不利影响。本研究旨在观察三种不同肺复张方法对ARDS模型犬血流动力学的影响。     

肺泡上皮细胞钠泵清除急性肺损伤时肺泡内液体的研究进展

急性肺损伤时肺实质细胞受损,通透性增加,可产生严重的肺水肿,导致低氧血症。研究证实,肺水肿时伴肺泡上皮细胞钠泵功能降低或增强,增强钠泵功能能增加肺水清除,改善氧合。因此充分认识肺泡上皮细胞钠泵主动清除肺泡内液体的作用,对临床肺水肿治疗有重要意义。1钠泵的结构、功能1.1钠泵的结构钠泵主要于α、β亚基组成的位于细胞基底面的具有酶解活性的异二聚体[2]。α亚基含多次跨膜结构域并形成阳离子通道,含有Na+/K+交换接触位点、哇巴因结合位点和磷酸化位点。β亚基较小,含一次糖基化的跨膜结构域,其确切功能尚存争议,目前认为它可组…     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在急性肾功能衰竭伴多器官功能障碍综合征中的应用

目的探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）应用于急性肾功能衰竭（AnF）伴多器官功能障碍综合征（NODS）的临床疗效和对预后的影响。方法45例ARF伴MODS的患者应用CRRT，CRRT模式为连续静脉-静脉血液滤过。所有患者在CRRT的治疗前及治疗后第1、2,3、4天晨采周围静脉血查血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、尿酸、血常规及c-反应蛋白（CRP）；同时测治疗前及治疗后6h血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-4、IL-6；定时监测血流动力学、血气分析及电解质。结果与治疗前相比，治疗后SCr、BUN、尿酸、CRP均显著下降（P〈0.05）；pH值能维持在7.30～7.40，血电解质由置换液调整基本正常；治疗前及治疗后6h血清TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6变化的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）；存活26例患者，均为急性生理及慢性健康状况Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分在25分以下、衰竭器官数小于3个、年龄较小、入ICU到开始CRRT时间短且CRRT在5d以上者。结论CRRT能有效控制ARF伴NODS患者的酸碱平衡、液体平衡及氮质血症；能有效降低部分细胞因子，抑制炎性反应；CRRT也是脏器功能支持的治疗方法,可能改善ARF伴NODS患者的预后。     

不同动脉压水平对老年感染性休克患者血流动力学组织灌注和代谢的影响

目的 观察应用去甲肾上腺素联合多巴酚丁胺(NE+Dobu)在小同平均动脉压(MAP)水平对老年感染件休克患者血流动力学、组织灌注和代谢的影响. 方法 感染性休克患者18例,充分液体复苏后为基础状态,应用NE+Dobu并随机调节剂量,使MAP分别维持在65、75、85mm Hg 3种水平状态,持续4 h,观察不同MAP水平的血流动力学、氧合指标、血乳酸、肾功能和胃黏膜二氧化碳分压变化. 结果 当MAP达75 mm Hg和85 mm Hg时,心脏指数(4.7±0.6和5.1±0.7)、体循环阻力指数(1162±278和1276±319)、氧输送[(697±53)ml·min-1·m-2和(711±68)ml·min-1·m-2]、氧摄取率[(0.28±0.02)%和(0.27±0.02)%],均较MAP为65 mm Hg时[4.0±0.6、1011±225、(634±70)ml·min-1·m-2、(0.25±0.02)%]明显增加(P<0.05);尿量分别为(98±43)ml/h和(91±54)ml/h,较65 mm Hg时(74±49)ml/h有明显增加,但仅MAP75 mmHg时,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 老年感染性休克患者充分液体复苏后,应用NE+Dobu提高MAP达75 mm Hg时,可改善全身血流动力学和肾功能,对于老年感染性休克患者可能需要适当提高MAP.