四波长内源光信号成像在GFAP-/-Vim-/-小鼠脑梗塞周围扩散性去极化中的应用

目的观测小鼠脑梗塞周围扩散性去极化（PIDs）的内源光信号变化特征,探索胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）和波形蛋白
（Vim）基因敲除对PIDs的影响。方法以GFAP和Vim基因敲除（GFAP-/-Vim-/-）小鼠及其野生型（GFAP+/+Vim+/+）小鼠为研究对
象,线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗塞（MCAO）模型,应用四波长内源光信号（OIS）成像技术监测两组动物4 h内PIDs的发作情况。
结果OIS成像显示PIDs在空间分布上表现为连续的、红蓝相间的弧形波,由发源处向四周缓慢播散;PIDs存在5种不同空间播
散类型：喙-尾播散类型、侧方-内侧播散类型、尾-喙播散类型、对侧播散类型和内侧-侧方播散类型。GFAP-/-Vim-/-小鼠和GFAP+/+
Vim+/+小鼠PIDs的发作次数、播散类型、速度及时程组间比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论四波长OIS成像技术可获得PIDs
的高分辨率彩色影像,为更深入研究PIDs的时空特性创造了条件;GFAP和Vim基因敲除对MCAO模型制备后4 h内PIDs的发
作无显著影响。
     

三七治疗动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化(atheroscIerosis,AS)是导致心脑血管事件发生的关键因素,为多种心脑血管疾病共同的病理生理基础.其证候、病机等属于中医理论的"血瘀证".而三七自古便是历代医家常用的活血化瘀之要药.综述近年来三七在治疗动脉粥样硬化方面的研究进展.     

Laryngotracheal stenosis: a serious complication of percutaneous tracheostomy

Tracheostomy in patients requiring prolonged artificial ventilation in intensive care is increasingly being performed by a percutaneous dilatational technique, in preference to the standard surgical method. Since its introduction numerous series have reported favourably on its general safety in the short-term, but there have been few reports of longer term follow-up of patients. We present four cases of laryngotracheal stenosis, a previously unreported complication associated with the technique, and discuss the relevance of these to the future practice of percutaneous tracheostomy.     

44Sacral extracorporeal magnetic stimulation is an effective treatment for pelvic floor dyssynergia; Comparative study with biofeedback therapy

Background: Recent development of extracorporeal magnetic stimulation (ECMS) which uses current‐changing magnetic fields allows the induction of electrical stimulation in the desired deep tissue. Recent study showed the sacral nerve stimulation reduces corticoanal excitability that may play a functional role in anal continence mechanisms. Preliminary study shows that ECMS of sacral nerve can modify pelvic floor function and expel rectal balloon in patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia (PFD). Aims: To evaluate the effect of ECMS compared with biofeedback therapy (BF) in patients with PFD. Methods and Materials: Thirty‐eight patients who fulfilled Rome II criteria for PFD by colon transit time and anorectal function tests, were randomly treated with 8 sessions of ECMS (2/weeks; n = 19) at prone position or BF (2/weeks; n = 19) at sitting position. Stimulation parameters were set at 50–80% of maximum intensity, 10 and 50 Hz frequency, 3 s burst length with 3 and 6 s off using arm‐typed stimulator (BioCom‐1000, Mcube Co., Korea). Symptom scores for constipation with/without anorectal function test were repeatedly measured after each treatment. Response was defined as 50% or more decreased symptom score after treatment (partial response: 30–50%, poor: <30%). Results: Fifteen patients (age 49.1 ± 13.4 years, mean ± SD; 4 men) completed 8 session of BF and 14 patients (54.5 ± 17.6 years, 3 men) completed 8 session of ECMS. Four patients of BF group discontinued treatment due to unsatisfactory therapeutic effect (n = 1) and withdrew consent (n = 3) and 5 patients of ECMS group discontinued treatment because of same reasons (n = 1, 4). Total symptom scores were significantly decreased after treatment of 8 session in both treatment groups (13.4 ± 6.6 vs. 4.3 ± 4.0 for BF, p = 0.009; 14.9 ± 5.6 vs. 3.4 ± 4.0 for ECMS, p < 0.001). Bowel movements per week were also significantly increased after treatment in both groups (median 2 vs. 7 for BF, p = 0.035; median 2 vs. 7 for ECMS, p = 0.008). Thirteen out of 15 patients showed response in BF group and 12 out of 14 showed good response in ECMS group. No adverse effects in both groups. Conclusions: ECMS is as effective as BF for the treatment of PFD. Long‐term effect of ECMS for the patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia need to be evaluated in the near future.     

金银花药材中抗呼吸道病毒感染的咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分的定量研究

目的:寻找金银花中的抗呼吸道病毒感染的成分,并进行定量研究。方法:采用各种柱层析和制备薄层层析等方法分离、细胞病变法进行抗病毒作用的研究,采用RP-HPLC方法进行定量方法的研究。结果:分离得到了13种咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物和咖啡酸、咖啡酸甲酯,确认咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分具有较强的抗呼吸道病毒作用,并采用HPLC方法测定了金银花中的 6种咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分和咖啡酸的含量。结论:咖啡酰奎宁酸类成分为金银花中的有效成分,定量方法准确、重复性好。     

铋、铝、钙、镁混合盐类的乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐电流滴定法

在治疗胃病的药物中,有很多是铋、铝、钙、镁盐类的混合物,测定这些混合物中各成分的含量,如按照经典的方法,是非常耗时的。Brookes及Johnson两氏曾采用乙二胺四乙酸二纳盐(Na_2H_2Y,以下简称EDTA)作为滴定剂,在不同的pH值并应用多种指示剂,对该类药物中的各成分拟就比较简易的容量测定方法,然而它的应用范围仍受着许多的限制。后来,Reilly,Scribner及Temple三氏又利用EDTA在不同pH值与各种金     

Lability of N-alkylated peptides towards TFA cleavage

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a common reagent in both solid-phase and solution peptide synthesis. It is used for the deprotection and/or cleavage of the synthesized peptide from the resin. The use of TFA under these standardized conditions is thought to be sufficiently mild, thereby preventing degradation of the desired product. However, peptides of the general structure R¹-(N-alkyl X₁)-X₂-R² are hydrolyzed by standard TFA solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) cleavage/deprotection conditions providing fragments R¹-(N-alkyl X₁)-OH and H-X₂-R². The fragmentation is observed during a TFA cleavage both from the resin and in solution. The hydrolysis is proposed to proceed via an oxazolone-like intermediate in which equilibration of the chiral center of the N-alkylated residue occurs. This mechanism is supported by H/D exchange as observed by MS and NMR in conjunction with HPLC. © Munksgaard 1996.     

Telephone vs Face-to-Face Interviews for Quantitative Food Frequency Assessment

Objective To develop and test a quantitative food frequency method for administration by telephone.Design A comparison study of telephone and face-to-face interviews was conducted among a representative sample of the five major ethnic groups in Oahu, Hawaii. Two interviews were administered 4 to 6 months apart by trained interviewers using identical questionnaires and color photographs of food items showing three different portion sizes. The order of the interviewing methods was randomly assigned. The questionnaire included 115 food items selected to estimate 80% or more of usual dietary intakes. Frequencies and quantities of each item consumed during the past year were obtained.Subjects/setting Subjects were recruited from the Health Surveillance Program of the Hawaii State Department of Health and consisted of 167 men and 158 women, aged 45 to 74 years, who provided a telephone number. Eighty percent of the face-to-face interviews were conducted in the subjects’ homes and 20% were conducted at the workplace or the University of Hawaii Cancer Research Center, if requested.Statistical analyses The paired t test was used to compare the mean daily intakes obtained by the telephone and face-to-face methods. Agreement was measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation coefficient, and weighted κ statistic.Results The means of energy and each nutrient were slightly higher in the first interview than the second, regardless of the interviewing method. Because of close correspondence among all 3 statistical measures of agreement, only the ICCs are reported. The ICCs ranged from .61 for protein and vitamin A to .69 for dietary cholesterol among men, and from .61 for vitamin C to .74 for saturated fat among women. Agreement was not significantly affected by age, gender, ethnicity, order of interview, or educational level.Applications Telephone interviews to obtain quantitative food frequencies are cost-efficient methods for estimating usual dietary intakes among persons in widely scattered geographic areas. Photographs of the foods in 3 portion sizes mailed in advance help the respondents estimate amounts eaten. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:44-48.     

Erythromycin treatment for gastrointestinal dysmotility in preterm infants

To report our clinical experience on the use of oral erythromycin for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal dysmotility in preterm infants.

Methodology:

A case series study of seven preterm infants (six were very low birthweight) with severe intestinal dysmotility in a tertiary neonatal centre.

Results:

All responded favourably without adverse effects and tolerated full enteral feeding within 1–2 weeks of the commencement of the drug.

Conclusions:

As prolonged total parenteral nutrition carries significant risk of complications, this therapy could be considered in selected preterm infants who fail to establish enteral feeding after an extended period, and in whom an anatomically obstructive lesion of the gastrointestinal tract has been excluded. Meanwhile, we would caution against the widespread implementation of this therapeutic approach until formal evaluation by randomized controlled trials have established the exact role of erythromycin, or its analogues, in the treatment of intestinal dysmotility in preterm infants.