Herpes zoster infection as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-seropositive subjects: a review.

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has resulted paradoxically in the worsening of clinical symptoms of previously subclinical infections, such as herpes zoster (HZ), herpes simplex, angular cheilitis, warts, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, cytomegalovirus retinitis, and others, as a result of substantial reconstitution of the host's immune responses. This phenomenon is referred to as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). It may affect up to 32% of HIV-seropositive subjects within a wide range of time after the initiation of HAART, but mainly after 8-12 weeks. Mucocutaneous HZ accounts for 7%-12% of the diseases associated with HIV infection that become worse again when the subject's immunity improves from the administration of HAART. It usually occurs after 4 weeks from the initiation of HAART, and under these circumstances the clinical symptoms and natural course of mucocutaneous HZ are similar to those in HIV-seropositive subjects who do not manifest IRIS.     

Nursing time to program and assess deep brain stimulators in movement disorder patients.

The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia is increasing. Although some published literature describes the methods for DBS programming, the time and nursing requirements to run a DBS surgical program have not been examined previously. For this study, we prospectively recorded the time required for both assessments and programming of the DBS from the preoperative period to 1 year after surgery in a variety of patients. Results showed that the mean total time spent programming the stimulator and assessing these patients ranged from 18.0-36.2 hours per patient. It took twice as long to program the stimulator in patients with Parkinson's disease as it did in patients with essential tremor or dystonia. When setting up a program for movement disorders surgery, nursing time spent on patient assessment and programming should be considered in the workload.     

Pituitary volume in teenagers with first-presentation borderline personality disorder

This study used magnetic resonance imaging to examine pituitary gland volume (PGV) in teenage patients with a first presentation of borderline personality disorder (BPD). No difference in PGV was observed between healthy controls (n = 20) and the total BPD cohort (n = 20). However, within the BPD cohort, those exposed to childhood trauma (n = 9) tended to have smaller pituitaries (− 18%) than those with no history of childhood trauma (n = 10). These preliminary findings suggest that exposure to childhood trauma, rather than BPD, per se, might be associated with reduced PGV, possibly reflecting hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction.     

Neuropharmacological characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylate, ligands of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor

Following intravenous administration, 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylate (ACBC, 100 mg/kg), a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-associated glycine receptor antagonist, was eliminated with a T1/2 of 5 min in mouse brain and 4 min in rat cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), a NMDA-associated glycine receptor agonist, was found to have a T1/2 of less than 5 min in mouse brain. ACC and ACBC did not alter basal cerebellar cGMP. Glycine and D-serine increased cGMP, and 1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidone-2 (HA-966), a glycine antagonist, reversed the D-serine-induced increases in cGMP. In contrast, ACBC did not reverse the D-serine-induced increases in cGMP. These data suggest that despite their brain bioavailability and marked potency at the glycine receptor in vitro, ACC and ACBC are rapidly inactivated and thus have limited in vivo utility.     

Hepatic failure associated with imipramine therapy

Imipramine, a widely used antidepressant, has rarely been associated with hepatic abnormalities. In the majority of reported cases, hepatic effects have been transient and readily reversible on discontinuation of the drug. We cared for an 11-year-old boy with hepatic failure and massive cell necrosis which followed treatment with imipramine for enuresis. This therapy led to fulminant hepatic failure and subsequent liver transplantation.     

Fibrous mastocytoma in a patient with generalized cutaneous mastocytosis

A 57-year-old woman with cutaneous mastocytosis of 23 years duration developed a hyperpigmented abdominal plaque composed of confluent indurated papules that enlarged for a period of 1 year to 12 x 8 cm. Biopsy showed dermal infiltration by closely packed spindle-shaped mast cells, fibroblasts, collagen, and scattered lymphocytes, predominantly T-suppressor cells. Electron microscopy showed close contact between mast cells, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes. Piecemeal mast cell degranulation and extrusion of mast cell granules was seen, with rare mast cell granules in fibroblasts, and collagen fibers in peripheral and perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum of mast cells. the term Fibrous mastocytoma is suggested for this tumor-like dermal fibrosis, possibly induced by lymphokines.     

Comparison of Simulated and in-Vivo Plasma Levels of Cilastatin Following Intravenous in-Line Drug Administration

The primary objective of this work was to establish a method to simulate the plasma levels of cilastatin, a model drug, following an intravenous in-line delivery scheme. In-vivo data in dogs obtained from this work were used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. The in-line drug delivery system consists of a drug containing device which is placed between a large volume parenteral and a patient. Numerous advantages have been identified for this automatic in-line reconstitution delivery system. The numerical convolution integral algorithm was used in this work to perform plasma profile simulation. The results indicated that the simulated cilastatin plasma profile following in-line delivery closely agreed with the in-vivo data.