Systematic reviews – triumph of form over substance?

? Cochrane systematic reviews are conducted to identify level 1a evidence. So far the ENT group have published 24 reviews, while around 70 titles are in various stages of the review process. Only one review has been able to produce Ia evidence and the rest recommended further trials. ? The majority of otorhinolaryngology reviews are unable to identify level 1a evidence due to the paucity of high quality randomised control trials. ? This presents a challenge, therefore – to identify and discuss alternate methods of evidence gathering for future research?     

Stingray spine foreign body in the foot

An unusual case report of a retained stingray spine foreign body in the foot is presented. The case is interesting in that the foreign body, although visualized on radiograph, was difficult to locate intraoperatively. A review of techniques for localizing foreign bodies in the foot is presented as well as a discussion on stingray injuries in general. Because of the possibility of spine breakage in a stingray puncture wound, radiographs should be considered in injuries of this type.     

Work disability in adults with cystic fibrosis and its relationship to quality of life.

With increasing numbers of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients surviving to adulthood, issues related to vocation inevitably arise and warrant specific attention. We examined the percentage of participants with CF currently working and explored risk factors for work disability among adults with CF. METHOD: We recruited 50 consecutive patients from an adult cystic fibrosis service. Demographic, employment history, illness severity indicators and CF-attributed work disability factors were evaluated. Demographic risk factors for work disability using the illness severity measures of FEV(1), S-K score, CRDQ, and recent hospitalisation as independent variables were determined. RESULTS: Factorial analysis of a disability index (DI) indicated no dependency on FEV(1) or S-K score, but dependency on quality of life indices (p<0.05), age (p<0.05) and hospital admission rate (p<0.05). Hours worked per week were dependent on quality of life (p<0.01) (mastery of disease domain), fewer hospital admissions (p<0.01) and age (p<0.05). Sixty-eight percent of the sample reported that CF resulted in significant impediments to employment. However, few had sought vocational guidance (6%). CONCLUSION: Determinants of workforce participation shows that hours worked and perceived disability are more dependent on mastery of disease, age, and time in hospital, than on clinical severity scores. Health professionals may assist productivity through career counselling or tailored programs.     

Determinants of health-service use by low-income people.

Poverty influences health status, life expectancy, health behaviours, and use of health services. This study examined factors influencing the use of health-related services by people living in poverty. In the first phase, 199 impoverished users of health-related services in 2 large Canadian cities were interviewed by their peers. In the second phase, group interviews with people living in poverty (n = 52) were conducted. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Diverse health-related services were used to meet basic and health needs, to maintain human contact, and to cope with life's challenges. Use of services depended on proximity, affordability, convenience, information, and providers' attitudes and behaviours. Use was impeded by inequities based on income status. To promote the health of people living in poverty, nurses and other health professionals can enhance the accessibility and quality of services, improve their interactions with people living in poverty, provide information about available programs, offer coordinated community-based services, collaborate with other sectors, and advocate for more equitable services and policies.     

Hormone therapy use after the Women's Health Initiative.

OBJECTIVE: To continue surveillance of hormone therapy (HT) use in an Australian population and to assess the impact of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and associated reports on HT use 16 months after the results of the WHI were first reported. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2003 South Australian Health Omnibus Survey, which involves a representative, population face-to-face interview survey. Data were compared to five surveys undertaken between 1991 and 2000, which had consistent methods and quality-control procedures. A total of 907 interviews were conducted with women over 40 years in their own homes by trained health interviewers. RESULTS: In association with the timing of media reporting of the WHI, current HT use rates dropped from 28% in women over 50 years in 2000 to an estimated 10.2% in 2002. By October 2003, current use rates had returned to 18.8% in this age group. The media had been the main influence in the women's decision-making. Half of those who restarted therapy changed to another type of HT. Only 2.8% changed to an alternative/complementary therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly two-thirds (64%) of those currently using HT in 2002 stopped therapy, mostly in response to the media reporting of the WHI. Nearly half of those who stopped HT in 2002 have since restarted. Media reporting greatly influences the use of hormonal therapies.     

Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and Aspergillus-related lung disease in bronchiectasis.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether patients with bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have a higher prevalence of Aspergillus-related lung disease. A series of 30 consecutive patients with bronchiectasis and NTM (cases) were compared with 61 patients with bronchiectasis and no evidence of NTM (controls). Aspergillus serology and computerised tomography of the thorax were used to identify Aspergillus-related lung diseases, including aspergilloma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis. The rate of positive Aspergillus serology was higher in cases with NTM disease compared with controls (10 out of 30 versus six out of 61). The radiological features of Aspergillus-related lung disease were also more common among patients with NTM disease than controls (six out of 30 versus none out of 61). This association between NTM disease and Aspergillus-related lung disease remained significant after adjustment for confounding effects of age and lung function (adjusted odds ratio 5.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5-17.0). Patients with bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease have a higher prevalence of coexisting Aspergillus-related lung disease than patients with bronchiectasis and without nontuberculous mycobacteria. Identification of Aspergillus-related lung disease is important as prognosis amongst undetected cases is invariably poor.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of nonmetallic orbital foreign bodies

We studied a cadaver head model in which we inserted three orbital foreign bodies. We chose these foreign bodies because of their similarity to substances found in orbital trauma. Teflon and Lucite were used to represent synthetic materials, and dry pine was chosen as a type of organic material. Lucite is similar in radiographic density to plastics used in interior trim for automobiles and spectacle frames. While both orbital ultrasound and plain skull films failed to detect the foreign bodies consistently, both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging detected and localized the foreign bodies relatively well. Computed tomography was better in delineating shape and characterizing composition.