Brain serotonin transporter binding in non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease

Early post-mortem data suggest that damage to brain serotonin neurones might play a role in some features (e.g., depression) of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not known whether such damage is a typical characteristic of living patients with PD or whether the changes are regionally widespread. To address this question we measured, by positron emission tomography imaging, levels of the brain serotonin transporter (SERT), a marker for serotonin neurones, as inferred from binding of [¹¹C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile (DASB), a second generation SERT radioligand, in subcortical and cerebral cortical brain areas of clinically advanced non-depressed (confirmed by structured psychiatric interview) patients with PD. SERT binding levels in PD were lower than those in controls in all examined brain areas, with the changes statistically significant in orbitofrontal cortex (−22%), caudate (−30%), putamen (−26%), and midbrain (−29%). However, only a slight non-significant reduction (−7%) was observed in dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, an area implicated in major depression. Our imaging data suggests that a modest, regionally widespread loss of brain serotonergic innervation might be a common feature of advanced PD. Further investigation will be required to establish whether SERT binding is more or less decreased in those patients with PD who also have major depressive disorder.     

The antinociceptive effects of anterior pretectal stimulation in tests using thermal, mechanical and chemical noxious stimuli

Four behavioural tests have been used to study the antinociceptive effects of electrical stimulation of the anterior pretectal nucleus (APtN) in the rat. The antinociceptive effects of stimulating this nucleus, which lies dorsally in the posterior diencephalon, have recently been studied extensively but always using briefly applied heat stimuli. It is reported here that APtN stimulation effectively inhibited responses to briefly applied noxious pressure and longer-lasting noxious chemical (formalin) stimuli. Although the tail-flick reflex to noxious heat was very potently depressed by APtN stimulation, responses to noxious heat in the hot-plate test were not. Three doses of morphine were also studied with each test and it was concluded that 15 sec of 35 microA r.m.s. current into the APtN was as effective as 3-5 mg/kg morphine s.c. in the rat.     

Factitious illness in children: the social worker's role in identification and management

Factitious illness in children is a phenomenon that results in adverse consequences for the child. Munchausen by proxy is a factitious disorder, first described by Meadow (1977), in which a parent induces or creates the appearance of illness in the child. This article highlights the importance of social work skills in the identification and management of this syndrome, and proposes a format for decision making at various points in the process.     

Treatment of the Breast’s Lateral Pole: Adjuvant Maneuver to Pitanguy’s Technique

Surgical procedures for the mammary region currently are assuming an important role in body-contouring surgery. Enhancement of results is a constant challenge to the plastic surgeon. A simple and efficient maneuver for resection of the breast’s lateral pole based on the mammoplasty technique of Professor Ivo Pitanguy is described. This study realized at the Private Clinic Sérgio Carreir?o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.     

The health-related quality of life of male and female heavy smokers

Objectives: Heavy smokers are a segment of the smoking population who are at increased risk of smoking-related morbidity and least likely to achieve cessation. This study identifies the impact of heavy smoking on quality of life by gender and describes the subpopulation for improved targeting.Methods: South Australian representative population data (n = 3010) was used to compare the health-related quality of life status of male and female heavy smokers as assessed by the SF-36.     

In vivo quantification of fluorescent molecular markers in real-time: A review to evaluate the performance of five existing methods

With the advent of molecular-targeted fluorescent markers, there is a renewed interest in fluorescence quantification methods that are based on continuous wave excitation and multi-spectral image acquisition. However, little is known about their in vivo quantification performance. We reviewed the performance of five selected methods by analytically describing these and varying input parameters of irradiance, excitation geometry, collection efficiency, autofluorescence, melanin content, blood volume, blood oxygenation and tissue scattering using optical properties representing those for human skin. We identified one method that corrects for variations in all parameters. This requires image acquisition before and after marker administration, under identical geometry. Hence, it is suited for applications where the site of interest can be relocated (e.g. anaesthetized animals and dermatology). For applications where relocation is not possible, we identified a second method where the uncertainty in the fluorescence signal was ±20%. Hence, use of these methods can substantially aid in vivo fluorescence quantification compared to use of the raw fluorescence signal, as this changed by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Since these methods can be computed in real-time, they are of particular interest for applications where direct feedback is critical, as diagnostic screening or image-guided surgery.     

A survey, in Scotland, of measures to prevent infection following orthopaedic surgery

The current use of methods, in Scotland, to prevent infection following orthopaedic surgery was established by postal questionnaire. Thirty-five per cent of surgeons used antibiotic cement routinely for total hip replacement. Ultraclean air facilities were provided for only 19%. Ninety-one per cent of surgeons used prophylactic parenteral antibiotics during total hip replacement, 75% in the management of open fractures, but only 12% for metal implants. Most chose an appropriate antibiotic. Only one-third of surgeons used an antibiotic regimen of appropriate duration and timing for total hip replacement or when employing metal implants.