胶质瘤bcd—2基因表达水平与其细胞增殖和凋亡关系的研究

目的 探讨胶质瘤细胞ｂｃｌ－２基因表达水平与肿瘤恶性程度、细胞增殖活性及凋亡程度的关系。方法 以６９例不同级别的人胶质瘤组织为研究对象,用原位杂交及免疫组化染色ＡＢＣ法分别检测ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ、ｂｃｌ－２蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（细胞增殖活性标记物）的表达,并用３’末标记法做原位细胞凋亡检测。结果 ６４例（９２．８％）表达ｂｃｌ－２ｍＲＮＡ,６０例（８７．０％）表达ｂｃｌ－２蛋白,两者的表达水平呈正     

Current trends and new approaches in the management of diabetes mellitus

Current trends in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, based on the 20-year United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study, include intensive treatment to control the blood glucose level and blood pressure in order to prevent or delay microvascular and cardiovascular complications. In the new millennium, type 2 diabetes will become epidemic in developing countries. If diabetes were to develop in 10% of the 1.2 billion population of China, the expense of intensive treatment would be immense. Laboratory tests are useful for detecting risk factors before the onset of the disease and convincing the general public to take preventive measures. Glucose tolerance testing is one of these tests. When glucose tolerance is impaired, 25% of beta-cell function is lost. Determining the plasma proinsulin level is another useful evaluation; impaired glucose tolerance accompanied by increased plasma proinsulin level is indicative of an enhanced risk that type 2 diabetes will develop within 5 years. Educating the public about eating a healthy diet and exercising may prevent the development of diabetes and thereby reduce the global prevalence of type 2 diabetes.     

新疆南疆地区嗜人T淋巴细胞病毒I型血清流行病学调查

通过血清流行病学调查，了解人嗜Ｔ淋巴细胞病毒Ｉ型（ＨＴＬＶ－１）在新疆南部（南疆）少数民族地区的流行情况，自南疆喀什，和田，阿图什地区采集正常人群中不同年龄组，不同民族的血清标本２６４２份，其中维吾尔族（维族）１０８２份，汉族１０８９份，柯尔克孜族（柯族）４７１份。用免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡ）检测上述血清中ＨＴＬＶ－１ＩｇＧ抗体，结果维族抗体阳性者为０．７４％（８／１０８２）汉族为０（０／１０８９）柯族     

Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects by in vitro treatment with biologic response modifier OK-432.

A decrease in natural killer (NK) cell function has been related to the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In the present study, we assessed the ability of a streptococcus-derived biologic response modifier, OK-432, to augment NK lysis of uninfected K562 and U937 cells and HIV-infected U937 cells by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-seropositive homosexual men. Optimal two- to fourfold increases in lysis of the three targets were observed after pretreatment of PBMC from HIV-negative subjects for 4 h with 2 micrograms of OK-432 per ml. This effect was related primarily to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production induced by OK-432 and was not linked to production of tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta or to monocytes in the cultures. The enhancing effect of OK-432 on NK cell function was diminished but still evident in PBMC from subjects with relatively early-phase (< 3-year) HIV infection and high CD4+ cell counts and was lower in subjects with longer-term HIV infection (> 3 years), in association with reduced production of IFN-gamma. Augmentation of NK cell activity in HIV-infected men by OK-432 was comparable to that induced by treatment of cells with 1,000 U of IFN-alpha or interleukin 2 per ml. The data suggest that the NK cell-enhancing effects of OK-432 are at least in part mediated by IFN-gamma and that OK-432 may be effective in treatment of patients with early-phase HIV infection.     

GABAergic boutons establish synaptic contacts with the soma and dendrites of cuneothalamic relay neurons in the rat cuneate nucleus

This study investigates the synaptic relation between -aminobutyric acid-immunoreactive (GABA-IR) and cuneothalamic relay neurons (CTNs) in the rat cuneate nucleus. Retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase complex (WGA-HRP) was used to label CTNs while anti-GABA immunogold serum was used for the detection of GABA-IR boutons associated with CTNs. With these procedures, immunogold-labelled GABA-IR boutons were found to form axosomatic, axodendritic and axospinous synapses with the WGA-HRP-labelled but immunonegative CTNs. Quantitative estimation showed that the mean ratios of GABA-IR to GABA-immunonegative boutons making synaptic contacts with somata, proximal dendrites, and distal dendrites were 47.9%, 49.1% and 34.7%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence of GABA-IR boutons on the somata and proximal dendrites of CTNs was significantly higher than on the distal dendrites. Our results indicate that GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cuneate nucleus, thereby emphasizing the importance of postsynaptic inhibition on cuneothalamic relay neurons.     

Interaction of Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) origin of replication (oriP) with EBNA-1 and cellular anti-EBNA-1 proteins

We have previously shown that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which activates expression of the latent genome of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Burkitt lymphoma cells induces the synthesis of two cellular anti-EBNA-1 competitor proteins, anti-EBNA-1.1 and anti-EBNA-1.2. Both anti-EBNA-1 proteins can uncouple the specific binding of the EBNA-1 to the region required for EBV plasmid maintenance (oriP). Here, we show by DNase I footprinting that the binding sites on oriP for the EBNA-1 and the anti-EBNA-1 proteins were indistinguishable. The proteins bound to the 30-bp tandem repeats of the oriP. Glycerol-gradient centrifugation and gel retardation assay revealed that a 60-kDa protein formed the anti-EBNA-1.1-DNA complex and a 40-kDa protein formed the anti-EBNA-1.2-DNA complex.     

Chronic intracranial pressure monitoring by telemetry: Clinical experience

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a critical measure for avoiding severe brain dysfunction or brain death by directing supportive therapy so as to prevent ICP increase severe enough to reduce cerebral blood perfusion. Such situations occur with brain swelling, increased cerebral vascular volume, and increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Causes include ischemic stroke, subarachnoid bleeding, brain contusion, encephalitis (as in Reye's syndrome), and hydrocephalus from meningitis or neoplasm. When several days of ICP monitoring can direct resolution of the pressure crisis, the invasive direct connection of an intracranial sensor with external recording device carries only minimal infection risk. Prolonged ICP monitoring for weeks or months demands telemetry and becomes desirable in a number of chronic disease problems including both congenital and acquired hydrocephalus where enlarged and pressurized cerebral ventricles develop with reduced absorption of continuously secreted CSF. Although the primary disturbance in CSF circulation can remain incurable, its palliation by valve-regulated CSF diversions or shunting can restore normal brain function and in infants permit normal brain development. Missing this goal can result from failure to maintain a sufficiently normal pattern of CSF dynamics and ICP. Monitoring of the CSF pressure fluctuations transmitted through an intraventricular catheter provides the most accurate record of ICP pulsations. Therefore, a pressure sensing module can be “T'd” into an existing shunt system in continuity with the already placed ventricular tube. The capacity to monitor ICP accurately by telemetry was first established in dogs made hydrocephalic to assure free CSF pulse through a ventricular catheter (1,2,3, 4,5). The subsequent use of ICP monitoring by telemetry in three patients will be described.     

一氧化氮与白细胞精子症不育的关系探讨

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)与白细胞精子症不育的关系。方法　参照WHO标准方法 ,进行精液常规分析。采用过氧化物酶染色法检测精液中白细胞密度。用改良的低渗肿胀法检测精子细胞膜的完整性。采用镀铜镉还原荧光法 ,检测精液中NO代谢产物硝酸盐 (NO 3 )。结果　白细胞精子症不育组白细胞的密度为 (1.4 8± 0 .90 )× 10 9/L ,NO水平为 (10 3.5± 2 .0 ) μmol/L ,显著高于正常生育组的(0 .73± 0 .2 8)× 10 9/L和 (41.6± 1.8) μmol/L (P分别为<0 .0 5和 <0 .0 0 1)。精子的活动率、精子速度试验 (SVT)及精子头、尾部膜完整率 ,均明显低于生育组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而精子的死亡率则显著高于生育组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　NO水平与白细胞密度呈正相关 ;与精子的活动率、SVT及精子头、尾膜的完整率呈负相关。表明当精液中的白细胞增高时 ,可产生过量的NO导致精子中毒受损使精子的受精能力下降     

Individual-specific risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a pilot study using a discordant sister-pair design

BACKGROUND: The aim of this pilot study was to examine which unique factors (genetic and environmental) increase the risk for developing anorexia nervosa by using a case-control design of discordant sister pairs. METHODS: Forty-five sister-pairs, one of whom had anorexia nervosa and the other did not, were recruited. Both sisters completed the Oxford Risk Factor Interview for Eating Disorders and measures for eating disorder traits, and sib-pair differences. Blood or cheek cell samples were taken for genetic analysis. Statistical power of the genetic analysis of discordant same-sex siblings was calculated using a specially written program, DISCORD. RESULTS: The sisters with anorexia nervosa differed from their healthy sisters in terms of personal vulnerability traits and exposure to high parental expectations and sexual abuse. Factors within the dieting risk domain did not differ. However, there was evidence of poor feeding in childhood. No difference in the distribution of genotypes or alleles of the DRD4, COMT, the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptor genes was detected. These results are preliminary because our calculations indicate that there is insufficient power to detect the expected effect on risk with this sample size. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors increases the risk of developing anorexia nervosa. It would, therefore, be informative to undertake a larger study to examine in more detail the unique genetic and environmental factors that are associated with various forms of eating disorders.