Health beliefs and parenting attitudes influence breastfeeding patterns among low-income African-American women.

OBJECTIVE: To describe breastfeeding initiation among 210 urban African-American mothers with inadequate prenatal care. METHODS: This study is a case-control study of postpartum mothers recruited from four large urban hospitals. RESULTS: Mothers who chose to breastfeed were more educated, employed before birth, married, and using contraception postnatally. Regression model analysis controlling for demographic differences revealed that breastfeeding was significantly associated with a higher perception of severity of illness and higher confidence in the ability of health care to prevent illness. Breastfeeding mothers were less likely to reverse parent-child roles and had a lower perception of hassle from their infant's behavior. When comparing mothers who breastfed longer than 8 weeks to those who did not breastfeed, breastfeeding mothers had high scores related to empathy toward infants on the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory as well as a low perception of hassle on the Parenting Daily Hassle. The perception of existing formal or informal social support did not influence breastfeeding behavior. CONCLUSION: Personal attributes of low-income urban mothers such as health beliefs and parental attitudes may play a role in the initiation and duration of breastfeeding. Low-income African-American mothers may be influenced in their choice to breastfeed by supportive messages from physicians and nurses delivering care to mothers and their newborns. Emphasis should be placed on the role breastfeeding can play in preventing childhood illnesses.     

Articulation rate in 3- and 5-year-old children.

The major purposes of this study were to provide normative data on articulation rate in preschool children and to examine the influence on articulation rate of age, gender, context, and utterance length. The subjects were twenty 3-year-old children and twenty 5-year-old children, equally balanced for gender. Durational measures of utterances were analyzed in syllables and phones per second in both spontaneous and imitated speech contexts. The articulation rate of the 5-year-old subjects was significantly faster than that of the 3-year-olds. Spontaneous speech was significantly faster and more variable than imitated speech. Some gender differences were found. Measures in syllables per second and phones per second, although not always yielding identical results, were found to be highly correlated.     

Palatal implants: a new approach for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term safety and efficacy of palatal implants in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, non-randomized study conducted at 5 clinical sites. Three polyester implants were placed in the soft palate under local anesthesia during a single-stage office procedure. Polysomnography was conducted at baseline and 90 days post-procedure. Subjective quality of life data were collected. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were evaluated; the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) decreased from 25.0 +/- 13.9 to 22.0 +/- 14.8 events/hour (P = 0.05). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) decreased from 11.0 +/- 5.1 to 6.9 +/- 4.5 (P < 0.001), and the snore score decreased from 7.9 +/- 2.1 to 4.0 +/- 3.0 (P < 0.001). No serious complications occurred during the study. CONCLUSION: Palatal implants can be an effective initial low morbidity treatment option for patients diagnosed with mild to moderate OSA.     

Injured worker helplessness: Critical relationships and systems level approach for intervention

An appropriate paradigm for explaining the evident problems of motivating the workers' compensation claimant toward occupational recovery may be found in the learned helplessness model. This article examines the critical relationships in the workers' compensation system and the potential for development of the injured worker helplessness within that system. The author offers the learned helplessness model as an alternative framework through which injured worker behavior can be explained and understood. It is suggested that the non-contingent rewards and the uncontrollable dynamics characteristic of workers' compensation systems lead to claimants' learning helplessness. Finally, a total quality managed disability prevention system is offered as the organization's best approach to reducing the likelihood of learned helplessness.