柯萨奇-腺病毒受体在肾癌组织中的表达及意义

目的:研究柯萨奇-腺病毒受体(CAR)在肾癌组织中的表达及意义.方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测12例癌旁正常肾组织和48例肾细胞癌组织中CAR的表达.结果:12例正常肾组织全部表达CAR,48例肾细胞癌组织中31例无CAR表达.不同分级CAR表达率分别为Ⅰ级54.5%(12/22)、Ⅱ级23.5%(4/17)、Ⅲ级11.1%(1/9);不同分期CAR表达率分别为Ⅰ期57.9%(11/19)、Ⅱ期30.8%(4/13)、Ⅲ期18.2%(2/11)、Ⅳ期0(0/5).结论:在多数肾细胞癌组织中CAR基因表达丧失;CAR表达变化与肾癌的分级、分期相关,可以作为肾癌分化、转移的重要生物学指标.     

Mitochondria-derived damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammation in the ischemic-reperfused heart

Cardiac cell death after myocardial infarction release endogenous structures termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger the innate immune system and initiate a sterile inflammation in the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes are energy demanding cells and 30% of their volume are mitochondria. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts originating from bacteria containing molecular patterns similar to bacteria, termed mitochondrial DAMPs (mDAMPs). Consequently, mitochondrial debris may be particularly immunogenic and damaging. However, the role of mDAMPs in myocardial infarction is not clarified. Identifying the most harmful mDAMPs and inhibiting their early inflammatory signaling may reduce infarct size and the risk of developing post-infarct heart failure. The focus of this review is the role of mDAMPs in the immediate pro-inflammatory phase after myocardial infarction before arrival of immune cells in the myocardium. We discuss different mDAMPs, their role in physiology and present knowledge regarding their role in the inflammatory response of acute myocardial infarction.     

The formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome

Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte and are crucial to the initial innate immune response to infection. One of their key pathogen-eliminating mechanisms is phagocytosis, the process of particle engulfment into a vacuole-like structure called the phagosome. The antimicrobial activity of the phagocytic process results from a collaboration of multiple systems and mechanisms within this organelle, where a complex interplay of ion fluxes, pH, reactive oxygen species, and antimicrobial proteins creates a dynamic antimicrobial environment. This complexity, combined with the difficulties of studying neutrophils ex vivo, has led to gaps in our knowledge of how the neutrophil phagosome optimizes pathogen killing. In particular, controversy has arisen regarding the relative contribution and integration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived antimicrobial agents and granule-delivered antimicrobial proteins. Clinical syndromes arising from dysfunction in these systems in humans allow useful insight into these mechanisms, but their redundancy and synergy add to the complexity. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome, examine new insights into the phagosomal environment that have been permitted by technological advances in recent years, and discuss aspects of the phagocytic process that are still under debate.