Age differences in emotion-regulation strategies in handling everyday problems

We examined age differences in problem-focused and emotion-regulatory problem-solving strategy use for self-generated family problems. Young, middle-aged, and older participants generated family problem situations that were high and low in emotional salience. They were asked both how they solved the problem and how they managed emotions involved in the problem. We conducted analyses on three categories of problem-solving strategies: instrumental strategies, proactive emotion regulation, and passive emotion regulation. When regulating emotions, middle-aged adults used more proactive emotion-regulation strategies than older adults, and older adults used more passive emotion-regulation strategies than middle-aged adults. These effects were driven by the high emotional salience condition.     

Histologic and molecular analyses of colonic perineurial-like proliferations in serrated polyps: perineurial-like stromal proliferations are seen in sessile serrated adenomas

Colonic perineuriomas are recently described benign mucosal polyps that are composed of a bland spindle cell proliferation surrounding crypts that often demonstrate hyperplastic/serrated epithelial changes. However, the origin of this unique stromal proliferation is still unclear, and the association with serrated polyps, including sessile serrated adenomas, has not been fully described. We evaluated the pathologic and molecular features of colonic polyps associated with perineurial-like proliferations in 2 retrospective cohorts: (1) a series of 198 consecutive sessile serrated adenomas and (2) 20 colonic polyps diagnosed as a perineurioma irrespective of the presence of serrated colonic crypts. Thirteen of 198 (6.5%) sessile serrated adenomas demonstrated a perineurial-like stromal proliferation, with most (12 of 13, 92%) involving the right (9 cases) and transverse colon (3 cases). In all 13 cases, the perineurial-like proliferation surrounded serrated colonic crypts and typically involved only a small area of the sessile serrated adenoma (average 9% of polyp size; range, 2% to 19%). All 11 polyps evaluated for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) expression demonstrated stromal EMA staining limited to the perineurial-like proliferation. Twelve of 13 (92%) sessile serrated adenomas with perineurial-like proliferations demonstrated a pV600E BRAF mutation. Of the 20 colonic polyps diagnosed as a perineurioma, 18 (90%) demonstrated serrated crypts intimately associated with the perineurial-like proliferation. In 13 of 18 polyps with associated serrated crypts, all serrated crypts were invested with the perineurial proliferation. In 5 cases, serrated crypts were seen away from the perineurial proliferation. Of these 18 polyps, the majority (16 of 18, 89%) were microvesicular hyperplastic polyps involving the left colon. However, 2 (11%) polyps in the right colon demonstrated histologic features diagnostic of sessile serrated adenoma. All 18 polyps with serrated crypts demonstrated a pV600E BRAF mutation. In contrast, the 2 polyps not associated with serrated crypts were negative for a BRAF mutation. Our results show for the first time that perineurial-like stromal proliferations frequently occur in sessile serrated adenomas. The presence of focal perineurial-like stromal proliferations in sessile serrated adenomas and the common finding of serrated crypts in colonic perineuriomas are likely indicative of an epithelial-stromal interaction, possibly related to some factor elaborated by the serrated epithelium.     

The effects of a brushing procedure on stereotypical behavior

In this study we analyzed the effects of a brushing protocol on stereotyped behavior of a young boy with autism. First, a functional analysis was conducted which showed that the participant's stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. Next, the Wilbarger Protocol, a brushing intervention, was implemented. An ABA design was implemented in which the participant was observed during four phases: (a) baseline, prior to the administration of the brushing protocol; (b) week 3 of implementation of the brushing protocol; (c) week 5 of implementation; and (d) 6 months after the discontinuation of the brushing protocol. Findings suggest that the brushing protocol had no marked affect on levels of stereotypy.     

IL-12 p80 is an innate epithelial cell effector that mediates chronic allograft dysfunction

RATIONALE: Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is the leading cause of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. We have demonstrated that respiratory viral infection is a bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome risk factor and virus-dependent injury induces expression of innate airway epithelial genes belonging to the interleukin (IL)-12 family. Thus, we hypothesized that epithelial cell IL-12 family members could mediate lung allograft dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: We used mouse and human allograft specimens to evaluate the role of epithelial cell IL-12 family members in allograft dysfunction associated with and without viral infection. METHODS: Murine and human IL-12 family members were characterized and manipulated in allografts and then correlated with epithelial cell injury, immune cell accumulation, and collagen deposition. RESULTS: In a mouse model of lung transplantation, concurrent viral infection and allogeneic transplantation increased epithelial injury and this was followed by exaggerated accumulation of macrophages and collagen deposition. This virus-driven allograft dysfunction was associated with an epithelial innate response manifested by a synergistic increase in the production of the macrophage chemoattractant IL-12 p80 (p80), but not IL-12 or IL-23. Blockade or overexpression of donor epithelial p80 resulted in a corresponding abrogation or enhancement of macrophage accumulation and allograft dysfunction. We extended these findings to human recipients with viral infection and transplant bronchitis and again observed excessive epithelial p80 expression that correlated with increased macrophage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments support a role for an enhanced epithelial innate response as a central process in allograft dysfunction and identify the macrophage chemoattractant p80 as an innate epithelial effector of disease progression.     

Early experience with conversion to sirolimus in a pediatric renal transplant population

Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive agent that offers potentially significant benefits for young transplant patients facing life-long treatment. Its action of reducing cell proliferation may reduce the risk of chronic allograft nephropathy and posttransplant neoplasia. Twenty-nine children were converted from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus after renal transplantation and followed for a minimum of 12 months. Glomerular filtration increased transiently in those converted before 12 months after transplantation but not in those converted later, when chronic histological changes had developed. Mild acute rejection occurred after conversion in 10%, and side effects led to cessation of sirolimus in 31%. Anemia occurred in 55% of patients and responded well to darbepoetin. Most side effects (anemia, hypercholesterolemia, mouth ulcers, and myalgias) became less severe with time. The number of antihypertensive drugs required decreased significantly on sirolimus. Although side effects are frequent on sirolimus, in the majority of children, they are mild enough to allow the patient to continue taking the drug, and for these children the long-term benefits are potentially valuable.