水凝胶的生物力学研究进展

水凝胶是生物医用领域的重要生物材料,也是近年来的研究热点。但人体内的细胞与组织的微环境和调控机制非常复杂,水凝胶应用于再生修复领域仍存在一些待解决的科学问题。随着生物力学的发展,越来越多的研究者发现除了关注水凝胶的材料学及生物学特性以外,其生物力学特性也是调控细胞功能、影响组织再生修复的关键因素之一。因此,本文总结了水凝胶材料的生物力学研究进展,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones using cinchona alkaloid-derived NNP ligands

A series of cinchona alkaloid-based NNP ligands, including a new one, have been employed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. By combining ruthenium complexes, various aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones were smoothly reacted, yielding valuable chiral alcohols with extremely high 99.9% ee. Moreover, a proposed reaction mechanism was discussed and verified by NMR.

A series of cinchona alkaloid-based NNP ligands including a new one has been employed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. By combining ruthenium complexes, various ketones were smoothly reacted with up to 99.9% ee.

Since the well-known failure of using racemic thalidomide, attention has been paid to the manufacture of optically pure compounds as effective components in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones, especially heteroaromatic ketones, has emerged as a popular facile route to approach enantiopure secondary alcohols as essential intermediates for the construction of biologically active molecules.^1–4 Knowles et al.⁵ pioneered the production of enantioenriched chiral compounds in 1968, and Noyori and co-workers^6–8 laid the cornerstone of asymmetric hydrogenation in 1990s. Subsequently, numerous catalytic systems have been developed. Ru-BICP-chiral diamine-KOH was developed and proved to be effective for asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones by Xumu Zhang.⁹ Cheng-yi Chen reported asymmetric hydrogenation of ketone using trans-RuCl₂[(R)-xylbinap][(R)-daipen] and afforded secondary alcohol in 92–99% ee.¹⁰ Mark J. Burk and Antonio Zanotti-Gerosa disclosed Phanephos-ruthenium-diamine complexes catalyzing the asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic and heteroaromatic ketones with high activity and excellent enantioselectivity.¹¹ Qi-Lin Zhou et al. designed and synthesized chiral spiro diphosphines as a new chiral scaffold applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of simple ketones with extremely high activity and up to 99.5% ee.^12–15 Similarly, Kitamura and co-workers have developed a set of tridentate binan-Py-PPh₂ ligands for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones affording excellent results.¹⁶ Recently, chiral diphosphines and tridentate ligands based on ferrocene have been developed for the asymmetric hydrogenation of carbonyl compound with a remarkable degree of success.^17–21 Despite many ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones have been reported, expensive reagent and multistep complicated reactions were employed to synthesize most of them.^22–24 In light of increasing industrial demand, easily obtained, cheap and practical chiral ligands are still highly desirable. In addition to chiral ligands, the selection of metals was essential for asymmetric hydrogenation.^25–27 Although Mn,^28–30 Fe,^31–34 Co,^35–37 Ni^38,39 and Cu^40,41 metals were proved to be effective for asymmetric hydrogenation in recent years, Rh,^42–44 Ir^45,46 and especially Ru remained the most preferred metals. Ruthenium^47–51 was chosen owing to its superior performances in terms of low price, selectivity and activity. Takeshi Ohkuma,⁵² Hanmin Huang^53,54 and Johannes G. de Vries⁵⁵ all successfully used ruthenium catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones. Admittedly, there is a continuing interest in the development of cheaper, simpler and more efficient catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones under mild conditions to access corresponding secondary alcohols. Recently, we developed new NNP chiral ligands derived from cinchona alkaloid for the asymmetric hydrogenation of various ketones in extremely excellent results using a iridium catalytic system.⁵⁶ Prompted by these encouraging results, we were interested in exploring a ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones with NNP chiral ligands derived from cinchona alkaloid. Here, we showed that changing from iridium to ruthenium, with the same simple synthetic ligands, delivered a catalyst catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones to give the industrially important chiral alcohols with up to 99.9% ee. Although the catalytic activity of ruthenium catalyst was not as high as that of the iridium catalyst, the enantioselectivity could be maintained, and even showed higher enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of some substrates.Chiral tridentate ligand NNP (L1–L10) were synthesized and characterized as reported in our previous publication. With tridentate ligands in hand, we began to evaluate the catalytic performance in benzylidene-bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) dichlororuthenium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone employed as a standard substrate (Fig. 2). MeOH was found to be a better one as the conversion and enantioselectivity were 99.9% and 98.2%, respectively. Bases screening showed that Ba(OH)₂ was superior to the others, giving >99.9% conversion and 98.8% ee in the present catalytic system (Fig. 1). Ligand screening revealed that the configuration of chiral centers of cinchona alkaloids of the ligand markedly affected the catalytic performance. NNP ligands derived from cinchonine and quinidine appeared to benefit both the reaction rate and enantioselectivity, while those derived from cinchonidine and quinine had the opposite effect. Further, different NNP ligands that bearing different substituents on the phenyl rings were evaluated. Similar to our previous research, ligands with electron-withdonating substituents showed better catalytic performance than those with electron-withdrawing substituents. However, it was noted that the more electron-withdonating substituents furnished lower activity but same enantioselectivity. The optimal ligand L5 derived from quinidine with one methoxy group on benzene ring provided the corresponding chiral alcohol with 99.9% conversion and 98.8% ee. Considering that L3 derived from cinchonine had similar catalytic performance to L4 derived from quinidine, new ligand L10 similar to L5 with one methoxy group on benzene ring was synthesized and applied to the asymmetric hydrogenation of template substrate. 99.6% conversion and 97.6% ee was obtained. Hence, L5 was employed as better ligand in subsequent experiments.Open in a separate windowFig. 1The effect of different bases for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone (substrate/Ru/L5 = 500/1/2, ketones: 0.429 mol L⁻¹, base: 0.15 mol L⁻¹, MeOH: 2 mL, 30 °C, 6 MPa, 2 h.).Open in a separate windowFig. 2The effect of different solvents for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone. (substrate/Ru/L5 = 1000/1/2, ketones: 0.858 mol L⁻¹, Ba(OH)₂: 0.15 mol L⁻¹, solvent: 2 mL, 30 °C, 6 MPa, 2 h.).The effect of different ligand for the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone^a

静息态功能磁共振局部一致性在抑郁障碍伴失眠症状患者中的研究进展

在抑郁障碍患者中,失眠是常见的伴发症状。早期有效评估抑郁障碍患者的失眠症状是预防患者睡眠问题与抑郁障碍进一步恶化的关键。目前关于睡眠评估工具的综述仅说明了主客观评估工具的效用,极少综述指出与抑郁障碍伴失眠症状相关的评估指标,也很少围绕静息态功能磁共振成像(rs-fMRI)技术作为睡眠状况的客观评估工具进行阐述。因此,本文就用于抑郁障碍伴发失眠症状患者的rs-fMRI局部一致性进行阐述,并指出目前研究单相抑郁障碍(UDD)和双相抑郁障碍(BDD)患者之间在rs-fMRI局部一致性的区别,以期为临床上UDD与BDD患者的诊断、鉴别、治疗及相关研究提供理论基础和实用性参考。     

Cardamonin suppressed the migration,invasion, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and lung metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by down-regulating ADRB2 expression

ContextCardamonin (CDN) can suppress cell growth in colorectal cancer (CRC), a common digestive malignancy.ObjectiveWe explored the effect and mechanism of CDN on metastatic CRC.Materials and methodsTwo cell lines (HT29 and HCT116) were initially treated with CDN at different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) or 50 μmol/L propranolol (positive control) for 24 or 48 h. Then, the two cell lines were separately transfected with siADRB2 and ADRB2 overexpression plasmids, and further treated with 10 μmol/L CDN for 24 h. The cell viability, migration and invasion were determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. The levels of ADRB2, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin and N-cadherin were measured by Western blotting or/and RT-qPCR. A CRC metastasis model was established to evaluate the antimetastatic potential of CDN (25 mg/kg).ResultsADRB2 (3.2-fold change; p < 0.001) was highly expressed in CRC tissues. CDN at 10 μmol/L suppressed viability (69% and 70%), migration (33% and 66%), invasion (43% and 72%) and ADRB2 expression (2.2- and 2.84-fold change) in HT29 and HCT116 cells (p < 0.001). CDN at 10 μmol/L inhibited MMP-2, MMP-9 and N-cadherin expression but promoted E-cadherin expression in CRC cells (p < 0.001). Importantly, the effect of CDN on CRC cells was impaired by ADRB2 overexpression, but further enhanced by ADRB2 down-regulation (p < 0.01). Additionally, ADRB2 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of CDN on metastatic lung nodules (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusions: CDN is a potential candidate for the treatment of metastatic CRC in clinical practice.     

Influence of Indium (III) Chloride on Human Dermal Fibroblast Cell Adhesion on Tantalum/Silicon Oxide Nano-Composites

Cell adhesion is an essential biological function for division, migration, signaling and tissue development. While it has been demonstrated that this cell function can be modified by using nanometer-scale surface topographic structures, it remains unknown how contaminants such as indium (III) ion might influence this specific cell behavior. Herein, the influence of indium chloride on human dermal fibroblast (GM5565) adhesion characteristics was investigated, given the frequent contact of contaminants with skin. The morphology of the adherent cells and their mitochondrial reticulum was characterized on cell culture dishes and nanopatterned surfaces by using fluorescence confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed a significant proportion of cells lost their ability to align preferentially along the line axes of the nanopattern upon exposure to 3.2 mM indium chloride, with cells aligned within 10° of the pattern line axes reduced by as much as ~70%. Concurrent with the cell adhesion behaviors, the mitochondria in cells exposed to indium chloride exhibit a punctate staining that contrasts with the normal network of elongated tubular geometry seen in control cells. Our results demonstrate that exposure to indium chloride has detrimental effects on the behavior of human fibroblasts and adversely impacts their mitochondrial morphology. This shows the importance of evaluating the biological impacts of indium compounds.     

基于相同载体体系的中药成分自乳化制剂的制备及其体外透皮吸收特性考察

目的:制备同时适合于黄芩素、黄连素及大蒜素3种中药成分的自乳化载体体系,并考察这3种自乳化制剂的体外透皮吸收效果。方法:采用饱和溶解度法、伪三元相图法、正交试验筛选最佳的空白处方组成及基质用量。以Franz扩散池和离体大鼠皮肤进行体外透皮吸收试验,采用HPLC分别测定3种自乳化制剂中黄芩素、黄连素及大蒜素的累积透皮渗透量,并分别与黄芩素散剂、黄连素散剂及大蒜素散剂进行比较。结果:最佳处方为油酸乙酯-聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油40-聚乙二醇400载体体系,所形成的自乳化制剂粒径适宜,其微观形态呈较规整的球形。透皮吸收10 h,黄芩素、黄连素及大蒜素3种自乳化制剂的药物透皮速率分别为6.898 6,7.600 4,190.040μg·cm~(-2)·h~(-1),累积透皮渗透量分别为71.38,85.54,1 795.16μg·cm~(-2)。结论:成功制备了不同种类中药成分均能使用的自乳化载体体系,且该自乳化制剂的体外透皮吸收效果良好,可为后续中药复方自乳化制剂的制备及其透皮给药吸收研究提供实验依据。     

孕母甲状腺功能异常对子代的影响

妊娠期母体甲状腺激素会发生一系列变化,而子代的生长发育,尤其是甲状腺的发育,对母体甲状腺功能状态有很大的依赖性.孕母甲状腺功能异常若未及时发现和控制,会引起子代各种严重的不良后果,包括流产、早产、死胎、死产、先天性畸形、甲状腺功能亢进症或甲状腺功能减退症、神经系统发育落后等,甚至影响子代远期的生长发育,因此应及早检出并控制孕妇及子代的甲状腺功能异常,以提高子代存活率及生活质量.     

低剂量纳洛酮对芬太尼镇痛效应的影响

目的 观察低剂量纳洛酮(naloxone)对芬太尼(fentanvyl)镇痛效应的影响.方法 将试验小鼠80只随机分为两组,分别采用扭体法(40只,雌雄各半)和热板法(40只,均为雌性)观察纳洛酮对芬太尼镇痛小鼠热板法痛阈(HPPT)和扭体次数的影响.各组按分层随机设计分为Fs组(芬太尼与生理盐水合用)及FNl、FN2和FN3组(芬太尼分别与纳洛酮100、10、10ng,1n/kg合用组)四组.结果 与Fs组相比,FN2组HPPT在第5 min增大(P＜0.05);扭体次数FN1和FN2组均显著减少(P＜0.05).结论 纳洛酮在一定剂量范围内能够增强芬太尼的镇痛效应.     

Pharmacokinetics,biodistribution and bioavailability of isoliquiritigenin after intravenous and oral administration

Context: Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) has been shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities. However, there is little research on the pharmacokinetic behavior and tissues distribution of ISL.

Objective: Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and bioavailability of ISL after intravenous and oral administration were determined by systematic investigation in Sprague–Dawley rats.

Materials and methods: ISL was dissolved in medicinal ethanol-Tween 80–0.9% sodium chloride saline in a volume ratio of 10:15:75. The ISL solution was injected in rats via a tail vein at a single dose of 10, 20 and 50?mg/kg and administered orally in rats at a single dose of 20, 50 and 100?mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at time intervals of 0.08, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 8 and 12?h after intravenous injection. Tissues of interests in mice were collected immediately at each determined time point (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6?h) after cervical dislocation.

Results: The dose-normalized AUC values were 7.3, 7.6 and 8.7?μg?×?h/ml (calculated based on the dose of 10?mg/kg) for intravenous doses of 10, 20 and 50?mg/kg, respectively. The elimination half-lifes (t_1/2λ) were 4.9, 4.6 and 4.8?h at 10, 20 and 50?mg/kg intravenous doses, respectively. The F values were 29.86, 22.70, 33.62% for oral doses of 20, 50 and 100?mg/kg, respectively. Liver, heart and kidney were major distribution tissues of ISL in mice. The plasma protein binding of ISL in rats was 43.72%.

Conclusion: The work may useful for further study of the bioactive mechanism of ISL.     

M与m-bcr/abl融合基因转录子共表达与 CML患者血小板增多的关系

目的 研究共表达m-bcr/abl融合基因转录子对初诊慢性髓系白血病(CML)患者的巨核细胞形态的影响.方法 分别用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和巢式PCR检测M和m-bcr/abl融合基因转录子.盲法计数患者骨髓涂片1.0 cm×1.5 cm2面积内巨核细胞数,随机选取20个巨核细胞分类计数并测定成熟期巨核细胞直径;计数产板型巨核细胞产血小板数.结果 107例初诊CML患者M和m-bcr/abl共表达者56例,b3a2型31例,b2a2型25例.共表达m-bcr/abl的b3a2型初诊CML患者血小板数比单表达M-bcr/abl和b2a2型m-bcr/abl( )患者高(P＜0.05).对巨核细胞形态观察,在b3a2和b2a2组,共表达m-bcr/abl和单表达M-bcr/abl的患者骨髓1.0 cm×1.5 cm面积内巨核细胞数、成熟巨核细胞数和直径差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);共表达m-bcr/abl的b3a2型患者产板型巨核细胞产板数比单表达M-bcr/abl患者高(P＜0.05);而b2a2型的共表达m-bcr/abl组和单表达M-bcr/abl组1.0 cm × 1.5 cm面积内巨核细胞数、成熟巨核细胞数和直径及产板型巨核细胞产板数差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 共表达m-bcr/abl的b3a2型初诊CML患者血小板数增高是由其巨核细胞产板数多造成的,而与其巨核细胞数、产板型巨核细胞数和直径无关.