新型抗流感药物有望问世

H5N1流感病毒所致的禽流感在世界范围内引起了大流行,因此大家更加关注这种病毒是否会获得在人类之间传染的能力并引起禽流感大流行。目前用于治疗这种病毒感染引起的人禽流感的药物有两种,即奥司他韦(Tamiflu)和扎那米韦(Relenza),两者都是作用于病毒的神经氨酸酶。抗药性的出现需要研发新的抗流感药物。A型流感病毒的神经氨酸酶可分为遗传上不同的两种类型:一类包括N1神经氨酸酶,另一类包含N2、N9神经氨酸酶。N2、N9神经氨酸酶已经被作为当前药物设计的结构基础。用X射线衍射晶体分析法发现这两类酶结构上是不同的。前者在其活性位点…     

Intravascular local gene transfer mediated by protein- coated metallic stent

Objective To assess the feasibility, efficiency and selectivity of adenovirus- mediated ge ne transfer to local arterial wall by protein- coated metallic stent. Methods A replication- defective recombinant adenovirus carrying the Lac Z reporter gene for nuclear- specific β- galactosidase (Ad- βgal) was used in this study. Th e coating for metallic stent was made by immersing it in a gelatin solution cont aining crosslinker. The coated stents were mounted on a 4. 0 or3. 0mmpe rcutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) balloon and submersed into a high- titer Ad- βgal viral stock (2×10(10)pfu/ml) for 3 min, and then im planted into the carotid arteries in 4 mini- swines and into the left anterior d escending branch of the coronary artery in 2 mini- swines via 8F large lumen gui ding catheters. The animals were sacrificed7 (n=4), 14 (n=1) and 21 (n=1) days after implantation, respectively. The β- galactosidase expression was as sessed by X- gal staining. Results The results showed that the expression of transgene was detected in all animal. In 1 of carotid artery with an intact intima, the β- gal expression was l imited to endothelial cells. In vessels with denuded endothelium, gene expressi on was found in the sub- intima, media and adventitia. The transfection efficie ncy of medial smooth muscle cells was 38. 6%. In 2 animals sacrificed 7 days af ter transfection, a microscopic examination of X- gal- stained samples did not s how evidence oftransfection in remote organs and arterial segments adjacent to the treated arterial site.Conclusions Adenovirus- mediated arterial gene transfer to endothelial, smooth muscle cells and adventitia by protein- coated metallic stent is feasible. The transfection efficiency is higher. The coated stent may act as a good carrier of adenovirus - mediated gene transfer and have a potential to prevent restenosis following PT CA.     

Induced abortion is not a cause of subsequent preterm delivery in teenage pregnancies

To examine the possible impact of previous induced abortion on the occurrence of preterm delivery in the subsequent pregnancy in teenage women, a retrospective case-control study was performed on mothers aged 13-19 years who delivered in one tertiary hospital over a 4 year period. Those who had a history of induced abortion prior to the index pregnancy were identified from the records and compared with a control group without previous induced abortion and who were matched for maternal age and parity. Of the 118 cases thus identified, 28 (23.7%) had more than one induced abortions and 18 (15.3%) had one or more induced abortions in the second trimester. There were 10 (8.5%) para 1 cases. No significant differences could be demonstrated between the study and control groups in the maternal demographics, major pregnancy complications, or perinatal outcome, except for the incidence of smokers which was significantly higher (39.0 versus 14.4%, P < 0.02) in the study group. The number of previous induced abortions did not appear to be related to the incidence of preterm labour, which was 10.2 and 8.5% in the study and control groups respectively. Our findings indicate that previous induced abortion is not a significant cause of preterm labour and delivery in teenage pregnancies.      

Platelet adhesion to cyanogen-bromide fragments of collagen alpha 1(I) under flow conditions

The aim of this investigation was to identify domains of collagen type I that can support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Four cyanogen bromide (CB) fragments composing 87% of the collagen alpha 1(I)-chain were studied under static and flow conditions. Under static conditions, bovine and human collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 induced aggregate formation, whereas alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 supported adhesion of dendritic and contact platelets. Bovine alpha 1(I)CB6 weakly supported platelet adhesion. At shear rate 300/s, collagen fragment alpha 1(I)CB3 strongly supported platelet adhesion, whereas lower platelet adhesion was observed to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. The fragment alpha 1(I)CB6 did not support platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was completely inhibited by a low concentration (0.6 IgG microgram/mL) of anti-GPIa monoclonal antibody (MoAb), whereas this concentration of antibody partially inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8. At higher concentrations (3 micrograms/mL) the anti-glycoprotein Ia (GPIa) antibody completely inhibited adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB8 and further reduced adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7. Platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 was strongly inhibited by an anti-GPIb MoAb. A MoAb against the GPIb-binding site of von Willebrand factor (vWF) strongly inhibited platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8, whereas platelet adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB3 was not inhibited. We conclude that under flow conditions alpha 1(I)CB3, alpha 1(I)CB7, and alpha 1(I)CB8 support GPIa/IIa-dependent platelet adhesion. The GPIb-vWF interaction is important under flow conditions for adhesion to alpha 1(I)CB7 and alpha 1(I)CB8 and probably also to alpha 1(I)CB3.     

Electrophoretic mobility distributions distinguish hairy cells from other mononuclear blood cells and provide evidence for the heterogeneity of normal monocytes

The electrophoretic mobility distributions of hairy cells, normal monocytes. CLL, and normal lymphocytes isolated from blood were determined by electrophoretic light scattering. Values obtained for hairy cells, 1.52 X 10(-4) cm2/V . sec, were indistinguishable from that of normal monocytes. The mobility of CLL lymphocytes was similar to that of normal B cells. After exposure to neuraminidase, hairy cells revealed a homogeneous distribution with a reduced mobility of 0.55 X 10(-4) cm2/V . sec, while normal monocytes showed a heterogeneous distribution of electrophoretic mobilities suggestive of subpopulations. The electrokinetic behavior of hairy cells thus differs from that or normal and CLL lymphocytes before, and from that of monocytes after, treatment with neuraminidase. The hairy cell therefore possesses a distinct pattern of surface charge properties that clearly distinguish it from the circulating B cells, T cells, or monocytes.     

Biochemical and functional consequences of dissociation of the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex

The platelet membrane glycoproteins, IIb and IIIa, form a Ca2+- dependent heterodimer complex that functions as the fibrinogen receptor in activated platelets to mediate platelet aggregation. Little is known about factors that affect the IIb-IIIa complex within the platelet membrane. It has been observed that platelets incubated with ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) at 37 degrees C are unable to aggregate or to bind monoclonal antibodies specific for the IIb-IIIa complex. To determine whether this is due to a dissociation of IIb from IIIa, we developed a method for quantitating the complex on nondenaturing, polyacrylamide gradient gels. Platelets were surface-labeled with 125I and then solubilized and electrophoresed in 0.2% Triton and 10 mmol/L CHAPS. Under these conditions and in the presence of 1 mmol/L Ca2+, glycoproteins IIb and IIIa migrated on the gels as a discrete band at Rf = 0.33. Protein that was eluted from this band bound to an immunoaffinity column specific for the IIb-IIIa complex. In contrast, when the IIb-IIIa complex was solubilized and then dissociated with EGTA, the discrete band at Rf = 0.33 was no longer present, and IIb and IIIa were now found in a broad band at Rf = 0.45 to 0.50. To study IIb and IIIa within the surface membrane, the 125I-labeled platelets were first incubated with 0.5 mmol/L EGTA (1 nmol/L free Ca2+) at 22 degrees C and then solubilized in the absence of EGTA. The IIb and IIIa from these platelets migrated at Rf = 0.33, indicating the presence of the intact IIb-IIIa complex. In contrast, when the platelets were incubated at 37 degrees C for one hour with the EGTA, the discrete band at Rf = 0.33 representing the IIb-IIIa complex gradually disappeared. This phenomenon could not be reversed by adding Ca2+ back to the platelets before solubilization and electrophoresis. This loss of the IIb-IIIa complex from intact platelets was accompanied by (a) a progressive and irreversible decrease in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and (b) decreased binding of a complex-dependent monoclonal antibody to the platelets. These studies demonstrate that when platelets are exposed to low Ca2+ at 37 degrees C, the IIb-IIIa heterodimer complexes in their surface membranes are irreversibly disrupted. Because intact IIb-IIIa complexes are required for platelet aggregation, the loss of these complexes may account for the failure of these platelets to aggregate in response to ADP.     

异丙酚激活蛋白激酶C对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察异丙酚对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注的影响及蛋白激酶C激活的作用。方法:实验于2004-04/2005-03在河北省医学科学院药研室完成。48只大鼠离体心脏随机分为6组,每组8只。分别为:正常对照组,持续灌注Lock液65min;缺血再灌注模型组,用含脂肪乳对照的灌流液灌注15min后,以钳夹主动脉灌注管造成全心常温缺血25min后,恢复再灌注30min,灌流液与预灌时相同;异丙酚15,30,60μmol/L组,缺血前和再灌期的灌流液中分别含相应浓度的异丙酚,余同缺血再灌注模型组;异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶抑制剂5μmol/L组,灌流液中含5μmol/L的chelerythrine的灌流液,其余同异丙酚60μmol/L组。实验评估:①Powerlab/8s仪记录各组平衡末、缺血前及再灌30min时心率、左室发展压、左室舒张末压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量等心功能指标。②测定冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶、磷酸肌酸激酶活性。③透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构变化。④差速离心提取心肌线粒体,测定线粒体超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、ATP酶活性和丙二醛含量。结果:48只大鼠均进入结果分析。①平衡灌注末、缺血前各组间心功能指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),再灌注30min末,异丙酚30,60μmol/L组左室发展压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量明显高于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),左室舒张末压明显低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组左室发展压、左室压力变化速率、冠状动脉流量明显低于单纯异丙酚60μmol/L组(P<0.05),但仍高于与缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。②心肌缺血再灌后,冠状动脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶活性明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。异丙酚30,60μmol/L组、异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶活性明显低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶活性与异丙酚60μmol/L组无明显差异。③与缺血再灌注模型组相比,异丙酚组心肌损伤明显减轻,尤其是60μmol/L组,心肌纤维排列均匀,线粒体膜结构完整,仅轻度水肿,嵴清晰,糖原可见。异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组心肌超微结构显示损伤程度重于异丙酚60μmol/L组。④异丙酚30,60μmol/L、异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组丙二醛含量低于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05),ATP酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性明显高于缺血再灌注模型组(P<0.05)。异丙酚60μmol/L组与异丙酚60μmol/L 蛋白激酶C抑制剂5μmol/L组相比,上述指标无明显差异。结论:异丙酚对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,可能与其抗脂质过氧化和激活蛋白激酶C有关。     

中药女贞子中水溶性成分二种新裂环环烯醚萜甙的分离和鉴定

从木犀科植物女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait)干燥成熟果实女贞子中分离得到2个新的裂环环烯醚萜甙类化合物,经光谱及化学分析,鉴定其化学结构,并分别命名为特女贞甙(specnuezhenide,I)和女贞苦甙(nuezhengalaside,I)。