全文获取类型
收费全文 | 94987篇 |
免费 | 8160篇 |
国内免费 | 4500篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 962篇 |
儿科学 | 1293篇 |
妇产科学 | 1702篇 |
基础医学 | 13438篇 |
口腔科学 | 2076篇 |
临床医学 | 10110篇 |
内科学 | 17027篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1432篇 |
神经病学 | 6414篇 |
特种医学 | 3031篇 |
外国民族医学 | 23篇 |
外科学 | 11999篇 |
综合类 | 10527篇 |
现状与发展 | 6篇 |
一般理论 | 12篇 |
预防医学 | 5525篇 |
眼科学 | 2553篇 |
药学 | 8979篇 |
31篇 | |
中国医学 | 2586篇 |
肿瘤学 | 7921篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 122篇 |
2023年 | 791篇 |
2022年 | 1956篇 |
2021年 | 2694篇 |
2020年 | 1910篇 |
2019年 | 2132篇 |
2018年 | 2672篇 |
2017年 | 2200篇 |
2016年 | 2109篇 |
2015年 | 2835篇 |
2014年 | 3609篇 |
2013年 | 3679篇 |
2012年 | 5307篇 |
2011年 | 5478篇 |
2010年 | 3282篇 |
2009年 | 2892篇 |
2008年 | 4110篇 |
2007年 | 4254篇 |
2006年 | 3996篇 |
2005年 | 3695篇 |
2004年 | 2839篇 |
2003年 | 2778篇 |
2002年 | 2484篇 |
2001年 | 5606篇 |
2000年 | 5548篇 |
1999年 | 5044篇 |
1998年 | 1974篇 |
1997年 | 1675篇 |
1996年 | 1126篇 |
1995年 | 969篇 |
1994年 | 857篇 |
1993年 | 705篇 |
1992年 | 2269篇 |
1991年 | 1961篇 |
1990年 | 1766篇 |
1989年 | 1680篇 |
1988年 | 1486篇 |
1987年 | 1350篇 |
1986年 | 1201篇 |
1985年 | 1004篇 |
1984年 | 643篇 |
1983年 | 535篇 |
1982年 | 291篇 |
1981年 | 229篇 |
1980年 | 166篇 |
1979年 | 319篇 |
1978年 | 97篇 |
1974年 | 93篇 |
1973年 | 111篇 |
1972年 | 78篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
971.
Aubert S Duchene F Augusto D Llinares K Lemaitre L Gosselin B Leroy X 《International journal of surgical pathology》2004,12(2):179-183
We report 3 cases of a new renal cell tumor entity with a review of the literature. These 3 cases were retrieved from the files of this institution from 1991 to 2002. The clinical data and all histologic slides were reviewed and an immunohistochemical study was performed. Patients were all females. Tumors were almost similar with well-defined margins. Tumor architecture was tubular and focally fusiform with an abundant myxoid stroma. Tumor cells were low cuboidal, slightly eosinophilic with low nuclear grade. Immunohistochemistry was in favor of a distal nephron differentiation. All patients were healthy after surgery. We describe 3 cases of a new clinicopathological entity entitled low-grade tubular myxoid renal tumor with a benign clinical course. 相似文献
972.
Ludewig K Ludewig S Seitz A Obrist M Geyer MA Vollenweider FX 《Biological psychology》2003,63(3):311-323
The acoustic startle reflex and its modulation by prepulse inhibition (PPI) and habituation are used in many studies in different fields of neuropsychiatric research. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of age and gender on PPI, startle magnitude, and habituation in healthy human volunteers. Twenty-seven male and 28 female participants of four different age groups (range: 20-60 years) were investigated in an acoustic startle paradigm using a startle stimulus of 115 dB and a prepulse of 86 dB (16 dB over the white noise background) with five different lead intervals (30, 60, 120, 240, and 2000 ms). Seventeen males and 16 female participants were tested three times at monthly intervals. Aged participants showed significantly lower startle magnitude and significantly more habituation than younger participants, but there was no effect of age on PPI or prepulse facilitation. Moreover, there were no effects of gender on startle magnitude, PPI, prepulse facilitation, or habituation measures. Healthy males and females exhibited stable startle magnitudes and PPI across sessions. The results demonstrated that PPI and startle are reliable measures of sensory information processing in both genders and that startle magnitude and habituation are age-dependent measures. 相似文献
973.
Successful outcome with day 4 embryo transfer after preimplantation diagnosis for genetically transmitted diseases 总被引:4,自引:5,他引:4
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was performed in 61 day 3 embryos
obtained by in-vitro fertilization from seven patient carriers of
haemophilia, Marfan's syndrome, Bloch-Sulzemberg syndrome (incontinentia
pigmentosa) or X chromosome-linked immune deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa,
and FG syndrome, which is characterized by mental retardation and
hypotonia. After multiplex polymerase chain reaction, 16 embryos were
diagnosed as being unaffected, and these were transferred to the uterus on
the following day (day 4). Of these embryos, six (37.5%) implanted,
resulting in the delivery of a singleton and a twin pregnancy, a late
second trimester miscarriage (twins at week 20) and a first trimester
miscarriage at week 8. All the diagnoses were confirmed by amniocentesis.
We report for the first time a late day 4 transfer of biopsied human
embryos undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This transfer
schedule allows an extra day to perform genetic analyses on single
blastomeres and to monitor any adverse effect of the biopsy procedure.
相似文献
974.
重组人纽兰格林对正常恒河猴心脏的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
探索重组人纽兰格林对健康成年恒河猴心脏的作用.将10只健康成年实验恒河猴随机分为实验组及对照组,分别注射等量重组人纽兰格林及生理盐水,采用超声心动图对用药前、用药即刻60 s内及用药10 d后相关指标进行测量,比较两组之间及不同时间之间各指标的差异.结果表明:重组人纽兰格林对健康实验恒河猴的舒张末期左室内径及容积、收缩末期左室容积、每搏量有影响,且随着用药时间的延长4者均增大,而重组人纽兰格林对健康恒河猴的左室射血分数及短轴缩短率没有显著影响.本研究认为重组人纽兰格林对健康成年恒河猴左心室容积有影响,而对心肌收缩力无显著影响. 相似文献
975.
P Chipman A F Jorm M Prior A Sanson D Smart X Tan S Easteal 《American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics》2007,(4):561-565
In this study we investigated interactions between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and environmental risk factors (G x E) on symptoms of depression in two large Australian community samples of adolescents and young adults. We postulated that a significant interaction between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and environmental risk factors of childhood adversity or stressful life events on symptoms of depression would be observed in subjects with at least one short allele (s/l or s/s) compared with subjects with no short alleles (l/l). We did not find significant G x E interactions between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and recent stressful life events or childhood adversity on symptoms of depression in our sample populations. However, we did find adolescents aged 17-18 years homozygous for the long allele (l/l) and exposed to persistently high levels of family adversity over a 6-year period were at a greater risk of depression than subjects with the same genotype exposed to no or persistently low levels of family adversity. This interaction should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of depressed subjects in the sample with persistently high levels of family adversity. 相似文献
976.
Horimoto T. Limcumpao J. A. Xuan X. Ono M. Maeda K. Kawaguchi Y. Kai C. Takahashi E. Mikami T. 《Archives of virology》1992,126(1-4):283-292
Summary Heterogeneity of 9 feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) strains consisting of the prototype C27 strain, one French isolate, six Japanese isolates, and the attenuated vaccine F2 strain was examined by biological, immunological, and molecular biological methods. No significant difference was observed in virus growth and antigenic properties among the strains in Crandell feline kidney cell cultures. Hemagglutination activity was also detected in all extracts of cells infected with each strain. However, in immunoblot analysis, a virus-structural immunogenic protein with an Mr of 36 kDa was lacking in 2 strains, one of which was the vaccine F2 strain, whereas the other immunogenic proteins including three kinds of major glycoproteins were detected in all strains without differences in electrophoretic mobilities. Furthermore, when restriction endonuclease analysis was performed to examine the genomic heterogeneity of strains, the cleavage patterns with the enzymeMluI showed a genomic heterogeneity between wild and vaccine strains. In contrast, only a slight variation in the sizes of some fragments was shown with most of the 7 other enzymes used. These results indicated that the lack of the 36 kDa protein and theMluI cleavage pattern could be used as markers of the vaccine F2 strain. The specific markers are important not only to control the quality of the vaccine but also to evaluate the vaccine immunity in FHV-1 infection in cats. 相似文献
977.
Adenosine decreases post-ischaemic cardiac TNF-alpha production: anti-inflammatory implications for preconditioning and transplantation. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Immunology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
D R Meldrum B S Cain J C Cleveland Jr X Meng A Ayala A Banerjee A H Harken 《Immunology》1997,92(4):472-477
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an autocrine contributor to myocardial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death in ischaemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), sepsis, chronic heart failure and cardiac allograft rejection. Cardiac resident macrophages, infiltrating leucocytes, and cardiomyocytes themselves produce TNF-alpha. Although adenosine reduces macrophage TNF-alpha production and protects myocardium against I/R, it remains unknown whether I/R induces an increase in cardiac TNF-alpha in a crystalloid-perfused model (in the absence of blood), and, whether adenosine decreases cardiac TNF-alpha and protects function after I/R. To study this, isolated rat hearts were crystalloid-perfused using the Langendorff method and subjected to I/R, with or without adenosine pretreatment. Post-ischaemic cardiac TNF-alpha (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and bioassay) and function were determined (Langendorff). I/R increased cardiac TNF-alpha and impaired myocardial function. Adenosine decreased cardiac TNF-alpha and improved post-ischaemic functional recovery. This study demonstrates that: first, I/R induces an increase in cardiac tissue TNF-alpha in a crystalloid-perfused model: second, adenosine decreases cardiac TNF-alpha and improves post-ischaemic myocardial function; third, decreased cardiac TNF-alpha may represent a mechanism by which adenosine protects myocardium; and fourth, adenosine-induced suppression of cardiac TNF-alpha may provide an anti-inflammatory link to preconditioning and have implications for cardiac allograft preservation. 相似文献
978.
Bernhard F. X. Reber Benno Schindelholz 《Pflügers Archiv : European journal of physiology》1996,432(5):893-903
Bradykinin and caffeine were used as two different agonists to study inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive and caffeine/ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ release in the outgrowing neurites of nerve-growth-factor (NGF)-treated rat phaeochromocytoma cells (PC12). Changes in neuritic
intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in single cells were measured after loading with a 1:1 mixture of the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester of the Ca2+-sensitive dyes Fura-red and Fluo-3, in combination with confocal microscopy. Bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release was blocked by U73211, a specific phospholipase C inhibitor. Caffeine-induced Ca2+ release was very low in neurites at rest. It increased after the cells were preloaded with Ca2+. The Ca2+ signal evoked at high concentrations of bradykinin (>500 nM) arose from a trigger zone in the proximal part of the neurite,
as a bi-directional wave towards the growth cone and cell body. The speed of neuritic Ca2+ waves was reduced in cells loaded with the Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-tetraacetic acid/AM. Preloading of Ca2+ stores led to increased bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release, as seen for caffeine, and faster Ca2+ wave speeds. Caffeine evoked a simultaneous [Ca2+]i rise along the neurites of Ca2+ preloaded cells. Higher Ca2+ signal amplitudes and faster Ca2+ wave speeds, but no longer-lasting IP3-induced [Ca2+]i signals, correlated with increased caffeine-induced Ca2+ release in the neurites. At low concentrations of bradykinin (<1.0 nM), the Ca2+ signals ceased to propagate as complete Ca2+ waves. Instead, repetitive stochastic Ca2+ release events (neuritic Ca2+ puffs) were observed. Neuritic Ca2+ puffs spread across only a few microns, at a slower speed than neuritic Ca2+ waves. These Ca2+ puffs represent elementary Ca2+ release units, whereby the released Ca2+ ions form these elementary events into the shape of a Ca2+ wave.
Received: 16 April 1996 / Received after revision and accepted: 13 May 1996 相似文献
979.
J W Peterson S S Saini W D Dickey G R Klimpel J S Bomalaski M A Clark X J Xu A K Chopra 《Infection and immunity》1996,64(6):2137-2143
The mechanism of cholera toxin (CT)-stimulated arachidonate metabolism was evaluated. CT caused rapid in vitro synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in murine smooth muscle-like cells (BC3H1), reaching maximal levels within 3 to 4 min. In comparison, cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were unchanged, and addition of dibutyryl cAMP did not affect PGE2 synthesis. CT-induced PGE2 synthesis was prevented by actinomycin D or cycloheximide, indicating a need for de novo protein synthesis. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from BC3H1 cells revealed that exposure to CT resulted in an increase in abundance of mRNA encoding phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-activating protein (PLAP). PLAP is a regulatory protein that increases the enzymatic activity of cellular PLA(2), which in turn causes increased hydrolysis of arachidonate from membrane phospholipids. Furthermore, CT evoked the accumulation of PLAP mRNA in J774 (murine monocyte/macrophage) and Caco-2 (human intestinal epithelial) cells in vitro, but the responses were more delayed than that of BC3H1 cells. A protein band of approximately 35 kDa, which corresponded to the size of PLAP, was observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate extracts of Caco-2 cells by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis using affinity-purified antibodies to PLAP synthetic peptides. Synthesis of PLAP protein was increased after 2 h of exposure to CT. Exposure of mouse intestinal loops to either CT or live Salmonella typhimurium for 3 h increased mucosal PLAP mRNA levels. The role of PLAP in CT-induced PGE2 synthesis provides an attractive explanation for the reported suppression of CT-induced intestinal secretion by inhibitors of protein synthesis. 相似文献
980.
金属硫蛋白对培养神经细胞迟发性损伤的作用和一氧化氮的表达 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
本文以新生大鼠原代培养皮质神经元为实验材料,造成迟发性神经元损伤模型.在不同时程内,测试培养液中的细胞乳酸脱氢酶漏出量和用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核着苷酸脱氢酶染色反应,观察培养细胞中一氧化氮合酶的表达水平.结果表明,缺血组在缺血与再灌流中,细胞乳酸脱氢酶漏出量明显高于对照组,差异显著(P<0.001).一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量在缺血组的缺血时即明显高于对照组(P<0.01),再灌流后一氧化氮合酶表达仍然强烈,与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.01).当损伤细胞再灌流时,同时加入金属硫蛋白后,显示一氧化氮合酶表达减弱,和缺血组相比有显著差异(P<0.05~0.001),细胞乳酸脱氢酶漏出量在再灌流后的早期近似于对照组.结合文献和本实验结果提示:在迟发性神经元损伤形成过程中一氧化氮起着重要作用;金属硫蛋白对脑缺血后迟发性神经元损伤有一定保护作用,是一种细胞保护剂,可望用于临床,控制缺血再灌流损伤。 相似文献