Risks of Lung Cancer due to Radon Exposure among the Regions of Korea

Radon is likely the second most common cause of lung cancer after smoking. We estimated the lung cancer risk due to radon using common risk models. Based on national radon survey data, we estimated the population-attributable fraction (PAF) and the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to radon. The exposure-age duration (EAD) and exposure-age concentration (EAC) models were used. The regional average indoor radon concentration was 37.5 95 Bq/m³. The PAF for lung cancer was 8.3% (European Pooling Study model), 13.5% in males and 20.4% in females by EAD model, and 19.5% in males and 28.2% in females by EAC model. Due to differences in smoking by gender, the PAF of radon-induced lung cancer deaths was higher in females. In the Republic of Korea, the risk of radon is not widely recognized. Thus, information about radon health risks is important and efforts are needed to decrease the associated health problems.

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氨甲环酸关节腔给药联合静脉给药可有效减少全膝关节置换后出血

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that tranexamic acid can effectively reduce postoperative blood loss in patients with total knee arthroplasty. There are many means to inject tranexamic acid (intra-articular injection, intravenous injection and their combination). Which is the best way has no conclusion.     

A visualization pipeline for in vivo two-photon volumetric astrocytic calcium imaging

Astrocytes, the multi-functional glial cells with the most abundant population in the brain, integrate information across their territories to regulate neuronal synaptic and cerebrovascular activities. Astrocytic calcium (Ca²⁺) signaling is the major readout of cellular functional state of astrocytes. The conventional two-photon in vivo imaging usually focuses on a single horizontal focal plane to capture the astrocytic Ca²⁺ signals, which leaves >80% spatial information undetected. To fully probe the Ca²⁺ activity across the whole astrocytic territory, we developed a pipeline for imaging and visualizing volumetric astrocytic Ca²⁺ time-lapse images. With the pipeline, we discovered a new signal distribution pattern from three-dimensional (3D) astrocytic Ca²⁺ imaging data of mice under isoflurane anesthetic states. The tools developed in this study enable a better understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of astrocytic activity in 3D space.     

F gene recombination between genotype II and VII Newcastle disease virus

A velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain, designated as SRZ03, was isolated from an egg layer flock with NDV vaccine immunization failure in China in 2003. Recombination was found in the F gene of SRZ03. Complete genome sequences analysis indicated that the N-terminal of SRZ03 F gene originated from a genotype II NDV strain, whereas the C-terminal of F gene and the rest of the genes originated from a prevalent velogenic genotype VII NDV strain. It provides us valuable information for understanding the recombination of nonsegmented negative-sense RNA viruses.     

Association between patient race/ethnicity and perceived interpersonal aspects of care in the emergency department

OBJECTIVES: To determine if perceptions of interpersonal aspects of care in the emergency department (ED) vary by patient race/ethnicity. METHODS: Patients in a tertiary care academic ED responded to a 22-question survey focusing on interpersonal care aspects: affiliation, satisfaction, trust and participation. Scores for each of the four generated scales were compared in terms of race, ethnicity and other basic demographics. RESULTS: African-American patients demonstrated significantly lower mean scores for trust of healthcare providers than Caucasians and significantly lower levels of participation. African-American race/ethnicity continued to be a significant predictor of lower levels of trust (but not participation) after accounting for age, gender, education, household income, health insurance, healthcare received in last six months and route of referral to the ED. CONCLUSION: Preliminary evidence suggests that African Americans may feel less trust toward their ED providers. Understanding this phenomenon and teaching providers how to reduce distrust may translate into better patient compliance/outcomes and reduce healthcare disparities.     

Hypothermia improves ventricular myocyte contractility under conditions of normal perfusion and after an interval of ischemia

Aim

Recent investigations have reported improved myocardial function during hypothermia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. The effects of hypothermia on myocyte contractility were investigated under conditions of normal perfusion and after a 10 min interval of ischemia.

Methods

Ventricular myocytes were obtained from 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 400 ± 50 g. The myocytes were randomized to be perfused at: 37 °C, 34 °C, 32 °C, or 30 °C. A subsequent set of myocytes was subjected to 10 min of ischemia at 37 °C, prior to being randomized to reperfusion at: 37 °C, 34 °C, 32 °C or 30 °C. Myocyte contractility was expressed as length-shortening percentage. Intracellular Ca²⁺ transients were assessed in a separate group of myocytes preloaded with Fura-2/AM. Sensitivity to Ca²⁺ was tested by increasing perfusate Ca²⁺ content, i.e. 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM.

Results

During normal perfusion and following reperfusion after 10 min of ischemia, myocyte contractility increased at 34 °C compared to 37 °C (P < 0.01). When the perfusion temperature was decreased to 32 °C and 30 °C, contractility further increased (P < 0.001). Intracellular Ca²⁺ transients were greater during perfusion at 34 °C compared to those at 37 °C (P < 0.001) and further increased at 30 °C (P < 0.001). Increases in extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration from 0.5 mM to 2 mM resulted in greater myocyte contractility during perfusion at 30 °C compared to that observed at 37 °C (P < 0.001). Effects of hypothermia on intracellular Ca²⁺ transients and sensitivity to Ca²⁺ persisted after ischemia.

Conclusions

Hypothermia improved myocyte contractility, intracellular Ca²⁺ transients and sensitivity to Ca²⁺ under conditions of normal perfusion and following reperfusion after 10 min of ischemia.     

链霉素缓释复合降解膜植入损伤肌腱局部腱周结缔组织的变化

背景:国内外学者曾用生物、非生物及药物等方法,诸如生物膜、透明质酸钠、纤维素密封胶等材料进行大量肌腱修复防粘连研究,但到目前为止尚未取得突破性进展。目的:观察肌腱损伤局部植入链霉素复合降解膜后腱周结缔组织的增生。方法:切断SD大鼠跟腱后,随机数字表法分为3组,分别在肌腱断端缝合处植入链霉素复合缓释降解膜、维生素C复合缓释降解膜、空白缓释降解膜。术后90d行肌腱损伤局部组织学观察、羟脯氨酸含量和生物力学指标检测。结果与结论:链霉素复合缓释降解膜组肌腱缝合处内部的成纤维细胞、胶原纤维均较其腱周围、维生素C复合缓释降解膜组、空白缓释降解膜组多;腱缝合处肌腱周围多为正常结构的疏松结缔组织,很少有增生的结缔组织长入肌腱内部;肌腱与周围组织分界清晰,最大抗拉强度、羟脯氨酸含量明显优于其他两组。表明链霉素复合缓释降解膜通过抑制腱周结缔组织增生,防止腱周结缔组织增生长入腱内,从而减轻或防止粘连形成。     

An Approach for Predicting the Low-Cycle-Fatigue Crack Initiation Life of Ultrafine-Grained Aluminum Alloy Considering Inhomogeneous Deformation and Microscale Multiaxial Strain

In this paper, a low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) crack initiation life prediction approach that explicitly distinguishes nucleation and small crack propagation regimes is presented for ultrafine-grained (UFG) aluminum alloy by introducing two fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) at the grain level. These two characterization parameters, the deformation inhomogeneity measured by the standard deviation of the dot product of normal stress and longitudinal strain and the microscale multiaxial strain considering the non-proportional cyclic additional hardening and mean strain effect, were proposed and respectively regarded as the driving forces for fatigue nucleation and small crack propagation. Then, the nucleation and small crack propagation lives were predicted by correlating these FIPs with statistical variables and cyclic J-integrals, respectively. By constructing a microstructure-based 3D polycrystalline finite element model with a free surface, a crystal plasticity finite element-based numerical simulation was carried out to quantify FIPs and clarify the role of crystallographic anisotropy in fatigue crack initiation. The numerical results reveal the following: (1) Nucleation is prone to occur on the surface of a material as a result of it having a higher inhomogeneous deformation than the interior of the material. (2) Compared with the experimental data, the LCF initiation life of UFG 6061 aluminum alloy could be predicted using the new parameters as FIPs. (3) The predicted results confirm the importance of considering the fatigue behavior of nucleation and small crack propagation with different deformation mechanisms for improving the fatigue crack initiation life prediction accuracy.