商品黄芪的地区用药及其易混品的形态与显微鉴别

黄芪的地区用药及易混品共5种,即:梭果黄芪Astragalus ernesti Comb.,淡紫花膜荚黄芪A.membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge f.purpurinus (Y.C.Ho)Y.C.Ho,乌拉特黄芪A.hoantchy Franch.,甘青黄芪A.tanguticus Batalin和马衔山黄芪A.mahoschanicus Hand.-Mazz.等,对其生药形态和组织特征进行了比较研究,并编写了生药性状和组织特征检索表。     

Long-term follow-up of kidneys transplanted from elderly cadaveric donors

Summary This report examines the long-term results obtained in 50 patients transplanted between 1977 and 1990 with kidneys from cadaveric donors aged 55–70 (median 59) years. The recipients comprised 27 men and 23 women aged 8–68 (median 42) years. In all, 20 patients (40%) had end-stage renal disease on the basis of glomerulonephritis, whereas 8 (16%) were diabetic. Immunosuppression was induced with antilymphocyte globulin and maintained with azathioprine and prednisone in all patients in addition to cyclosporine in the 35 patients transplanted since 1985. Immediate graft function occurred in 18 patients (36%), and 36 patients (72%) were off dialysis at 1 year posttransplant. Altogether, 25 patients (50%) had functioning grafts at 5 years posttransplant, and at up to 13 years of follow-up (mean 5.8 years), 22 patients (44%) are off dialysis and their serum creatinine levels range from 0.8 to 3.8 mg/dl (mean 2.0 mg/dl). In all, 12 patients (24%) expired from 2 months to 15.5 years posttransplant (mean 4.3 years), and 5 of these patients died with functioning grafts. These 5 deceased recipients and the 22 who remain alive with functioning grafts had a mean antigen match of 2.27 with their donors. The other 23 patients whose grafts failed had a mean antigen match of 2.13 (P=0.77). The 15 recipients who were transplanted prior to the cyclosporine era had lower 1- and 5-year allograft survival rates of 67% and 47%, respectively, as compared with their counterparts, who took cyclosporine-based immunosuppression (74% and 51%, P=0.58 and 0.76, respectively). Likewise, the 32 recipients with delayed graft function had lower 1- and 5-year allograft survival rates of 66% and 47%, respectively, as compared with the group with immediate graft function (83% and 56%, P=0.18 and 0.56, respectively). We conclude that acceptable long-term patient and graft survival may be achieved by transplanting these organs and that the degree of HLA matching does not affect their outcome significantly. Patients with immediate allograft function also tended to do better over the long term. Although cyclosporine-based immunosuppression was advantageous within 1 year of transplant, its beneficial effect was less marked 5 years out.     

Monovalent cation composition and ATP and lipid content of irreversibly sickled cells

Discontinuous Stractan gradients were used to separate heterogeneous populations of sickle cells into discrete subpopulations containing varying proportions of reticulocytes, mature discoid cells, and irreversibly sickled cells (ISC). The improved homogeneity of these preparations, together with an enhanced yield of ISC, allowed us to distinguish effects of cell maturation from those of irreversible sickling. With these cell preparations we have begun to define physical properties of ISC. We confirmed the marked abnormalities in cation composition of native ISC. Measurements of ATP in ISC did not substantiate prior reports of ATP deficits. Finally, no evidence for substantial loss of membrane lipids during the process of ISC formation could be demonstrated.     

Ultrastructural pathology of the sperm flagellum: association between flagellar pathology and fertility prognosis in severely asthenozoospermic men

An ultrastructural study of spermatozoa in a series of 247 severely asthenozoospermic patients disclosed two kinds of anomalies. The first was dysplasia of the fibrous sheath, a primary defect of spermatozoa with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the fibrous sheath, associated axonemal anomalies, familial incidence and chronic respiratory disease. The patients could be divided into two subgroups: the complete form (all spermatozoa affected) and the incomplete form (alterations in 70- 80% spermatozoa). There were no spontaneous or in-vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in six patients resulted in successful fertilizations, but only two pregnancies were obtained. These features configure a phenotype that suggests a genetic origin. The second anomaly was non-specific flagellar anomaly (NSFA), random secondary flagellar alterations affecting variable numbers of spermatozoa, without respiratory disease or familial incidence. 54 men with NSFA were followed for 2-6 years. Of these, 18 achieved conception, either spontaneous or by means of assisted fertilization, followed by 14 pregnancies and 12 live births. Their sperm motility significantly increased during the follow-up period. In the remaining 36 men motility did not change during the follow-up period and there were no fertilizations or pregnancies. We conclude that in severe asthenozoospermia, ultrastructural examination of spermatozoa has an effective prognostic value, identifying two syndromes with very different flagellar alterations and fertility potentials.      

Maternally acquired immunity in newborns from women infected by the human immunodeficiency virus

Maternally acquired immunity was studied in 16 pairs of human immunodeficiency virus (H1V)-seropositive women and their newborns, and was compared to 18 control mother-newborn pairs. The HIV-infected women had higher IgG levels than the control subjects, but no difference was observed between newborn samples, presumably due to the limited placental IgC transfer in the HIV group. A poor type 2 poliovirus antibody transfer was also noted in this group. The population of newborns lacking demonstrable measles antibodies was higher in the HIV group than in the control group, probably because many of the HIV-infected mothers lacked measles antibodies also. These results show that maternally acquired immunity may be affected to newborns from HIV-infected women, either because of low maternal serum antibody levels or deficient transplacental transfer. If so, the measles vaccine schedule should be revised for these children and the same should be done for future passive immunization regarding fetus protection in pregnant HIV-seropositive women.     

Does impaired growth of PKU patients correlate with the strictness of dietary treatment?

Abstract To assess whether growth retardation in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) is related to the strictness of their dietary treatment, the relationship between Z scores for height up to 3 y of age and different indices of dietary control in 103 early treated Dutch PKU patients was studied. As indices of dietary control, the mean phenylalanine (Phe) concentration, the frequency of plasma Phe concentrations < 200 and < 120 µmol/1, and the standard deviation of the individual plasma Phe concentrations were studied. These measures of the dietary control were divided into quartiles. The mean Z score of the studied patients showed a decrease of 0.18/y (SD 0.36). No statistically significant difference between any of the quartiles of the studied indices with growth retardation was found. None of the used indices of dietary control based on plasma Phe concentrations showed a relationship between different degrees of the strictness of dietary treatment with growth retardation in Dutch PKU patients.