Pre- and postnatal depression and coping: a comparative approach

BACKGROUND: The assessment of perinatal depressions and coping style. Methods: With depression scales (EPDS, GHQ.12) and Carver's BriefCope, the authors compared the prevalence rates of pre and postnatal depression in a cohort of 277 French women. RESULTS: Their work revealed very high levels of prenatal depression (almost 20%) and less important but nonetheless sizeable rates (11%) of postnatal depression, making such perinatal depressions a major public health concern. The coping styles proposed in Carver's public health BriefCope questionnaire make it possible to significantly differentiate during these two periods between depressive women and their non-depressed counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This enables us to underline factors of risk and protection suggesting the importance of setting up compensatory and preventive systems and evaluating their pertinence in the framework of future research.     

Dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 prime potent CD8+ Tc1 responses in vivo

Dendritic cells (DC) comprise a system of professional antigen-presenting cells, which induce the stimulation of very rare antigen-specific naive T cells. DC progenitors can be stimulated to differentiate into immature DC by various growth factors, including GM-CSF and IL-4. Here we show that IL-15, in combination with GM-CSF, is a growth factor for murine DC. Murine bone marrow cells, depleted of T cells, B cells, I-A+ cells and Gr-1+ granulocytes, and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF plus IL-15 (IL-15 DC), yielded DC expressing high levels of CD11c and MHC class II molecules, as well as CD11b. These cells expressed significant levels of CD40, CD80 and CD86, and could stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells efficiently. Interestingly, IL-15 DC were far superior to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 in stimulating allogeneic CD8+ T cells in vitro. Consistent with this, IL-15 DC induced much more potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses with high levels of Th1 cytokines in vivo, compared to DC generated with GM-CSF plus IL-4, or with GM-CSF plus TGF-beta, or with GM-CSF alone. Together, these data suggest that IL-15 promotes the development of DC, which induce potent Th1 and Tc1 responses in vivo. This suggests potential roles for these IL-15 DC cells in the immunotherapy of tumors and infectious diseases.     

Assessing the effects of bupropion SR on mood dimensions of depression

BACKGROUND: We assessed the therapeutic effects of bupropion SR and placebo on mood and anxiety symptoms derived from the tripartite model of mood. Based on evidence indicating linkages between dopaminergic activity and the emotional dimension of positive affect/anhedonia, we hypothesized that the dopaminergic effects of bupropion SR would yield particularly pronounced effects on symptoms of anhedonia, relative to anxiety. METHODS: Nineteen depressed outpatients were randomly assigned to treatment with either bupropion SR 300 mg/day or placebo during a 6-week initial treatment phase. This was followed by a second open-label phase in which patients previously treated with bupropion SR had their dose increased to 400 mg/day, and the placebo group was initiated on bupropion SR 300 mg/day. RESULTS: Random regression analyses revealed that during the initial double-blind phase, bupropion SR elicited greater declines than placebo on all measures except those that assessed anxiety. By contrast, the weakest placebo effects were evident on anhedonia. Items assessing the low positive affect pole of the anhedonia dimension were more sensitive to earlier/lower dose bupropion SR treatment, whereas items assessing the high positive affect pole were more sensitive to later/higher dose bupropion SR treatment. LIMITATIONS: Replication and extension using a larger sample size are mandated. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the catecholaminergic effects of bupropion SR tended to produce more robust effects on anhedonia/positive affect than placebo.     

What and where in human audition: selective deficits following focal hemispheric lesions

A sound that we hear in a natural setting allows us to identify the sound source and localize it in space. The two aspects can be disrupted independently as shown in a study of 15 patients with focal right-hemispheric lesions. Four patients were normal in sound recognition but severely impaired in sound localization, whereas three other patients had difficulties in recognizing sounds but localized them well. The lesions involved the inferior parietal and frontal cortices, and the superior temporal gyrus in patients with selective sound localization deficit; and the temporal pole and anterior part of the fusiform, inferior and middle temporal gyri in patients with selective recognition deficit. These results suggest separate cortical processing pathways for auditory recognition and localization. Electronic Publication     

Are primed CD4+ T lymphocytes different from unprimed cells?

Primed and unprimed lymphocytes are usually classified as separate subsets of cells, based on phenotypic and functional distinctions. In the case of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, primed cells are thought to proliferate more vigorously, quickly and easily, and to release a different profile of cytokines, than their naive equivalent. However, most of these data were obtained from studies in which populations of lymphocytes were compared before and after antigenic stimulation, and therefore did not distinguish between the effects resulting from the clonal expansion of specific precursor cells within such populations and those due to cell differentiation per se. We have investigated the contribution of precursor cell frequency to some of the functional changes observed in populations of CD4⁺ T cells following antigenic stimulation, using approaches in which antigen-specific precursor frequencies are high in both primary and secondary stimulations: mixed leukocyte reaction responses and cells from αβ T cell receptor transgenic mice. Our data suggest that when equivalent numbers of antigen-specific naive and previously primed CD4⁺ responder T cells are compared, there is no difference in their potency to proliferate but only the previously activated subset can generate cytokines such as interferon-γ.     

Project Genesis: assessing the efficacy of problem-solving therapy for distressed adult cancer patients

The efficacy of problem-solving therapy (PST) to reduce psychological distress was assessed among a sample of 132 adult cancer patients. A second condition provided PST for both the patient and a significant other. At posttreatment, all participants receiving PST fared significantly better than waiting list control patients. Further, improvements in problem solving were found to correlate significantly with improvements in psychological distress and overall quality of life. No differences in symptom reduction were identified between the 2 treatment protocols. At a 6-month follow-up, however, patients who received PST along with their significant other reported lower levels of psychological distress as compared with members of the PST-alone condition on approximately half of the outcome measures. These effects were further maintained 1-year posttreatment.     

Neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus in humans with subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral hypoxia

Apoptosis of dentate granule cells is a typical feature of several animal models of disease. In 20 autopsy cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and global cerebral hypoxia caused by protracted shock or respiratory failure, we evaluated by light microscopy and in situ tailing whether this pattern of neuronal damage also occurs in humans. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, 4.0/mm2 (0-13.0/mm2) apoptotic neurons were observed in the dentate gyrus, in cerebral hypoxia 3.6/mm2 (0-19.9/mm2) (p>0.05), and in 10 aged-matched control cases dying rapidly from non-neurological diseases 0/mm2 (0-0/mm2) (median [range]) (p<0.001 versus SAH and hypoxia). Neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus was most frequent, when death occurred later than 24 hours and less than 11 days after disease onset. Neuronal damage in the hippocampus was always necrotic. It was more severe in hypoxia than in SAH (median neuronal damage score 3 [range: 0-3] versus 0 [0-3], p<0.001). Apoptosis appears to be the predominant mechanism of death in dentate granule cells irrespective of the underlying disease, whereas neuronal death in the hippocampus generally is of necrotic morphology.