Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in children

Background/Purpose

Symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts have traditionally been managed with surgical, percutaneous, and, more recently, endoscopic drainage. Although the role of the latter is well defined in the adult population, its utility in children needs to be clarified. The authors reviewed their experience with endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst (EDPP).

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted, and relevant demographic and clinical data were obtained for all patients with pancreatic pseudocysts managed with endoscopic drainage in the period from 1997 through 2001, inclusive.

Results

Three children had successful endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. They were 9, 13, and 14 years old, and were all boys. The etiology of the pancreatitis was idiopathic related to anomalous pancreatic divisum ducts in the first 2 and azathioprine induced in the latter. The first 2 patients had endoscopic transpapillary drainage, whereas the third had an endoscopic cystduodenostomy. All patients had complete resolution of the pseudocyst clinically and radiologically after follow-up periods of 3, 31, and 21 months, respectively. The first needed a subsequent pancreaticojejunostomy for persistent symptoms related to chronic pancreatitis. A successful endoscopic drainage of a posttraumatic pancreatic pseudocyst has previously been reported from our institution.

Conclusions

This experience would indicate that endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst is an effective and relatively safe option of managing this problem in children.     

Priority of Lymph Node Dissection for Siewert Type II/III Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction

Objective

The purpose of this study was to clarify the priority of nodal dissection in Siewert types II and III adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG).

Methods

The priority of nodal dissection was evaluated based on the therapeutic value index calculated by multiplying of the frequency of metastasis to each station and the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastasis to that station.

Results

A total of 176 patients (95 type II and 81 type III) were examined. Among the lymph nodes that had a metastatic incidence exceeding 10 %, the stations showing the first to fourth highest index were the paracardial and lesser curvature nodes (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) and the node at the root of the left gastric artery (No. 7) in the total cohort, as well as in each type. The next station was the lower thoracic paraesophageal lymph node (No. 110), followed by the nodes along the proximal splenic artery (No. 11p) in type II, whereas it was the nodes along the proximal splenic artery (No. 11p) followed by the para-aortic nodes (No. 16a2), the nodes at the celiac artery (No. 9), and the nodes around the splenic hilum (No. 10) in type III.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the highest priority nodal stations to be dissected were the paracardial and lesser curvature nodes (Nos. 1, 2, and 3) and the nodes at the root of the left gastric artery (No. 7), regardless of the Siewert subtype, but the subsequent priority was different depending on the subtype.     

索利那新防治经尿道前列腺电切术后膀胱痉挛的疗效观察

目的 评估经尿道前列腺电切（TURP）围手术期使用索利那新对术后膀胱痉挛的防治疗效.方法 BPH患者150例.随机分为3组,每组50例.索利那新组（A组）：术前1 d起口服索利那新1次/d,5 mg/次,至拔除导尿管后3 d;托特罗定组（B组）：术前1 d起口服托特罗定2次/d,2 mg/次,至拔除导尿管后3 d;吲哚美辛组（C组）：疼痛时予肛纳吲哚美辛栓25 mg.观察比较3组患者经尿道前列腺电切术后膀胱痉挛发生次数、持续时间以及膀胱冲洗、冲洗液转清、留置导尿管时间等.结果 A组术后24、24~48、48~72 h膀胱痉挛次数（0.86±0.08,1.80±0.14,1.06±0.13）均少于B组（1.02±0.08,2.02±0.12,1.24±0.12）和C组（1.88±0.12,2.68±0.18,2.24±0.19）,且与C组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.A 组术后24、24~48、48~72 h膀胱痉挛平均持续时间[（0.74±0.25）、（0.17±0.03）、（0.18±0.04）h]均少于B组[（0.61±0.25）、（0.16±0.34）、（0.17±0.32）h]和C组[（0.43±0.22）、（0.13±0.04）、（0.14±0.04）h],且与C组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.术后A组膀胱冲洗时间、冲洗液转清时间、留置导尿管时间[（2.2±0.6）、（1.6±0.6）、（5.0±0.7）d]也均早于B组[（2.3±0.6）、（1.8±0.5）、（5.2±0.8）d]和C组[（2.6±0.7）、（2.1±0.7）、（5.4±0.6）d],且与C组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.A组总的不良反应率和口干的发生率（10.0%,6.0%）均较B组（26.0%,20.0%）低,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 TURP患者围手术期应用索利那新可有效防治膀胱痉挛,临床效果满意、安全.     

Neurotoxicity induced by tacrolimus after liver transplantation: relation to genetic polymorphisms of the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (PGP) encoded by the multidrug resistant (MDR)1 gene (ABCB1). PGP, a multidrug efflux pump, restricts the distribution of tacrolimus in the brain. In this study, we investigate the correlation of ABCB1 gene polymorphism with tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity in patients after liver transplantation. METHODS: The genotype of 6 patients with neurotoxic events and 11 patients without neurotoxic events was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 8 mutations were detected. In addition to laboratory findings and patient characteristics, the contribution of mutations in the ABCB1 gene was evaluated with stepwise discriminant function analysis. RESULTS: High tacrolimus concentration, liver dysfunction, and mutation at position 2677 in exon 21 were demonstrated as positive predictors of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity. CONCLUSION: It is indicated that blood concentrations, liver function, graft weight, and polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene are important factors in tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity.     

Hepatic resection for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with removal of portal vein tumor thrombi

In 13 of 398 patients who underwent hepatectomy, tumor thrombi of the remnant portal vein was concomitantly removed by the balloon catheter method in 8, an open method under hepatic vascular exclusion in 1, and resection of the occlusive portal segment followed by portal reconstruction in 4. In 8 of these patients the liver was cirrhotic. The mode of hepatectomy consisted of bisegmetectomy or trisegmentectomy in 11, segmentectomy in one, and partial resection in one patient. Two patients died of portal thrombosis or hepatic failure in the hospital. The mean survival in four patients was 12 months. Seven are still alive (mean, 16 months). In the corresponding period, nine patients with occlusive tumor thrombi of the portal confluence were hospitalized without operation and survived up to 4 months (mean, 64 days) after detection of the tumoral occlusion. The causes of death of the nine patients were bleeding esophageal varices, rupture of the tumor, or hepatic failure. It was revealed that removal of tumor thrombi in the remnant portal vein contributes to (1) portal decompression, (2) feasibility of arterial embolization, and (3) increase in resectability of the main tumor. At present, this procedure might be regarded as an emergency procedure for the avoidance of the above lethal impendence, but it may open the door to an adjuvant therapy.     

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein family as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of colorectal cancer

The apoptosis and antiapoptotic signaling pathways are important for regulating carcinogenesis and cancer progression, and for determining prognosis. Molecules involved in apoptosis represent potential cancer diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family includes several important molecules involved in apoptosis that might represent such targets. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the IAP family of proteins is integral for antiapoptotic and nuclear factor-κB signal transduction, and enhanced expression of IAPs contributes to colon carcinogenesis and its poor prognosis, as well as to drug resistance of tumors. X-linked IAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and survivin are prognostic markers of colorectal cancer, and survivin and cIAP2 are also utilized to predict the effect of anticancer treatment in colorectal cancer patients. Novel therapies such as YM155 and LY2181308 targeting survivin, AEG35156 and phenoxodiol targeting X-linked IAP, AT-406 as a Smac mimetic, and survivin peptides are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This report reviews the involvement of the IAP family in colorectal adenocarcinoma in order to summarize the role of the IAP family members as diagnostic and therapeutic targets, and to provide an overview of the future course of research in this area.     

重组人内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因转染对增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞的影响

目的 了解重组人内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因转染人增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞(HSFb)的可行性,以及转染后一氧化氮(NO)的生成和Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的合成情况. 方法体外构建人eNOS真核表达载体.取体外培养的人HSFb进行转染实验,根据细胞培养液中所加质粒不同分为pcDNA3.0空载体组、pcDNA3.0-eNOS转染组.另设未转染组,细胞按常规培养.采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测各组细胞eNOS及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达.硝酸还原酶法测定NO含量. 结果细胞转染后eNOS显著表达,pcDNA3.0-eNOS转染组eNOS mRNA相对表达量为5.92±0.21,明显高于pcDNA3.0空载体组(0.98±0.13,P<0.05);pcDNA3.0-eNOS转染组Ⅰ型胶原mRNA相对表达量为0.76±0.15,Ⅲ型胶原mRNA相对表达量为0.79±0.08,均明显低于pcDNA3.0空载体组(0.98±0.15、1.02±0.12,P<0.05).pcDNA3.0-eNOS转染组NO含量为(36.1±0.8)μmol/L,明显高于pcDNA3.0空载体组(28.4±1.0)μmol/L和未转染组[(27.7±1.3)μmol/L,P<0.01]. 结论 HSFb可作为eNOS基因转染的靶细胞,转染的细胞能表达eNOS并产生NO,并且对细胞的胶原合成功能有抑制作用.     

肩后入路内固定治疗不稳定性肩胛骨骨折

目的：探讨不稳定性肩胛骨系列骨折的手术适应证与开放复位内固定的治疗效果。方法：22例肩胛骨骨折，男18例，女4例，年龄25～65岁，平均35．5岁。根据术前X线片与CT扫描对骨折进行分型，确定手术指征，经肩后入路行切开复位，采用重建钢板、微型钢板、拉力螺钉内固定，术后早期功能锻炼。结果：22例均获9～28个月随访，平均17．5个月，疗效优14例，良5例，可2例，差1例，优良率86．4％。所有骨折平均在术后8．5周骨性愈合。结论：对不稳定性肩胛骨骨折行开放复位内固定、早期功能锻炼可恢复较好的肩关节功能。