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Braira Wahid Amjad Ali Shazia Rafique Komal Saleem Muhammad Waqar Muhammad Wasim Muhammad Idrees 《Gastroenterologia y hepatologia》2018,41(6):377-388
Immune cells play an important role in controlling liver tumorigenesis, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and contribute to pathogenesis of liver inflammation and injury. Accumulating evidence suggests the effectiveness of natural killer (NK) cells and Kupffer cells (KCs) against viral hepatitis, hepatocellular damage, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Activation of natural killer cells provides a novel therapeutic strategy to cure liver related diseases. This review discusses the emerging roles of immune cells in liver disorders and it will provide baseline data to scientists to design better therapies for treatment. 相似文献
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The effects of the attributable fraction and the duration of symptoms on burden estimates of influenza‐associated respiratory illnesses in a high HIV prevalence setting,South Africa, 2013‐2015
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Stefano Tempia Sibongile Walaza Jocelyn Moyes Adam L. Cohen Claire von Mollendorf Meredith L. McMorrow Sarona Mhlanga Florette K. Treurnicht Marietjie Venter Marthi Pretorius Orienka Hellferscee Nicole Wolter Anne von Gottberg Arthemon Nguweneza Johanna M. McAnerney Halima Dawood Ebrahim Variava Shabir A. Madhi Cheryl Cohen 《Influenza and other respiratory viruses》2018,12(3):360-373
Background
The attributable fraction of influenza virus detection to illness (INF‐AF) and the duration of symptoms as a surveillance inclusion criterion could potentially have substantial effects on influenza disease burden estimates.Methods
We estimated rates of influenza‐associated influenza‐like illness (ILI) and severe acute (SARI‐10) or chronic (SCRI‐10) respiratory illness (using a symptom duration cutoff of ≤10 days) among HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected patients attending 3 hospitals and 2 affiliated clinics in South Africa during 2013‐2015. We calculated the unadjusted and INF‐AF‐adjusted rates and relative risk (RR) due to HIV infection. Rates were expressed per 100 000 population.Results
The estimated mean annual unadjusted rates of influenza‐associated illness were 1467.7, 50.3, and 27.4 among patients with ILI, SARI‐10, and SCRI‐10, respectively. After adjusting for the INF‐AF, the percent reduction in the estimated rates was 8.9% (rate: 1336.9), 11.0% (rate: 44.8), and 16.3% (rate: 22.9) among patients with ILI, SARI‐10, and SCRI‐10, respectively. HIV‐infected compared to HIV‐uninfected individuals experienced a 2.3 (95% CI: 2.2‐2.4)‐, 9.7 (95% CI: 8.0‐11.8)‐, and 10.0 (95% CI: 7.9‐12.7)‐fold increased risk of influenza‐associated illness among patients with ILI, SARI‐10, and SCRI‐10, respectively. Overall 34% of the estimated influenza‐associated hospitalizations had symptom duration of >10 days; 8% and 44% among individuals aged <5 and ≥5 years, respectively.Conclusion
The marginal differences between unadjusted and INF‐AF‐adjusted rates are unlikely to affect policies on prioritization of interventions. HIV‐infected individuals experienced an increased risk of influenza‐associated illness and may benefit more from annual influenza immunization. The use of a symptom duration cutoff of ≤10 days may underestimate influenza‐associated disease burden, especially in older individuals. 相似文献96.
97.
Enterovirus D68 and other enterovirus serotypes identified in South African patients with severe acute respiratory illness, 2009–2011
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98.
Estimating vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory‐confirmed influenza in outpatient settings in South Africa, 2015
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Johanna M. McAnerney Sibongile Walaza Stefano Tempia Lucille Blumberg Florette K. Treurnicht Shabir A. Madhi Ziyaad Valley‐Omar Cheryl Cohen 《Influenza and other respiratory viruses》2017,11(2):177-181
Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2015 season in South Africa was assessed using a test‐negative case control study design. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant circulating strain. Overall influenza vaccine coverage was 3.2% (29/899). The vaccine effectiveness estimate, against any influenza virus infection, adjusted for age, underlying conditions and timing within season was 46.2% (95% CI: ?23.5 to 76.5), and 53.6% (95% CI: ?62.6 to 80.3) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. 相似文献
99.
Afza N Yasmeen S Ferheen S Malik A Ali MI Kalhoro MA Ifzal R 《Journal of Asian natural products research》2012,14(5):424-428
Galinosoates A-C (1-3), new aromatic esters, have been isolated from the n-hexane soluble fraction of Galinsoga parviflora. Their structures were assigned from the spectral data including IR, HR-EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. 相似文献
100.
Menstrual effluent in endometriosis shows no difference in volume, VEGF-A, MMP2 and MMP9 or sFLT 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Malik S Day K Perrault I Charnock-Jones DS Smith SK 《Reproductive biomedicine online》2006,12(2):174-181
Since retrograde menstruation is considered a key event in the aetiology of endometriosis, this study sought to determine whether the menstrual effluent of women with this condition is different from that of those with a normal pelvis. As the amount of blood lost during menstruation is thought to be higher in this group, measured objective menstrual blood loss (MBL) was measured. In addition, factors enhancing both ectopic implantation of endometrium and its subsequent growth (by establishing a neo-vasculature) were chosen for study. Our hypothesis was that they are increased in the menstrual effluent of women with endometriosis. The study showed that at the time of menstruation, there is no difference in MBL or in the volume of menstrual effluent between women with endometriosis and those with a normal pelvis at laparoscopy. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) message and protein, soluble truncated receptor sVEGF-R1 (sFLT), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 activities were also shown to be similar between the two groups. It is concluded that the enhanced expression of VEGF-A and MMP in the peritoneal fluid and ectopic lesions of endometriotic patients may be a secondary event, resulting from an innate difference in peritoneal and systemic factors rather than in the endometrium, causing an abnormal peritoneal response to menstrual debris and facilitating its ectopic implantation. 相似文献