Role of altered immune cells in liver diseases: a review

Immune cells play an important role in controlling liver tumorigenesis, viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and contribute to pathogenesis of liver inflammation and injury. Accumulating evidence suggests the effectiveness of natural killer (NK) cells and Kupffer cells (KCs) against viral hepatitis, hepatocellular damage, liver fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Activation of natural killer cells provides a novel therapeutic strategy to cure liver related diseases. This review discusses the emerging roles of immune cells in liver disorders and it will provide baseline data to scientists to design better therapies for treatment.     

New aromatic esters from Galinsoga parviflora

Galinosoates A-C (1-3), new aromatic esters, have been isolated from the n-hexane soluble fraction of Galinsoga parviflora. Their structures were assigned from the spectral data including IR, HR-EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR.     

Menstrual effluent in endometriosis shows no difference in volume, VEGF-A, MMP2 and MMP9 or sFLT

Since retrograde menstruation is considered a key event in the aetiology of endometriosis, this study sought to determine whether the menstrual effluent of women with this condition is different from that of those with a normal pelvis. As the amount of blood lost during menstruation is thought to be higher in this group, measured objective menstrual blood loss (MBL) was measured. In addition, factors enhancing both ectopic implantation of endometrium and its subsequent growth (by establishing a neo-vasculature) were chosen for study. Our hypothesis was that they are increased in the menstrual effluent of women with endometriosis. The study showed that at the time of menstruation, there is no difference in MBL or in the volume of menstrual effluent between women with endometriosis and those with a normal pelvis at laparoscopy. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) message and protein, soluble truncated receptor sVEGF-R1 (sFLT), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 activities were also shown to be similar between the two groups. It is concluded that the enhanced expression of VEGF-A and MMP in the peritoneal fluid and ectopic lesions of endometriotic patients may be a secondary event, resulting from an innate difference in peritoneal and systemic factors rather than in the endometrium, causing an abnormal peritoneal response to menstrual debris and facilitating its ectopic implantation.     

Pediatric air gun shot injury

Air guns (AGs) use air or another compressed gas to propel a projectile. Different injuries may occur in children due to their body structure, which is less-resistant with thin soft tissue coverage that can be easily penetrated by an AG shot. We present 3 cases of pediatric AG shot injury. The first-case had right lumber deep tissue penetration of AG pallet without internal damage, the second-case had a complex course of pellet into the perineum, and the third-case was shot in the left shoulder. All cases were accidentally shot. The shooters were all children, and relatives of the victims. All patients were generally stable on arrival. Two cases were operated, and one received conservative management. On follow up, no complications were noted. At first sight, AGs and air rifles may appear relatively harmless, but they are potentially lethal and children should not be allowed to play with them.Air guns (AGs) are known for their use in sporting entertainment, and so inappropriate use of these weapons often leads to serious injuries.1 In general, people think that trauma inflicted by air weapons is trivial. In fact, this is not true and the potential for serious and fatal injuries is significant.2 Here, we report 3 cases of serious AG injury in children and review the relevant legislation covering the use of air weapons. Our objective is to highlight the problem in pediatric age group and raise awareness on its harm.     

Boerhaave syndrome--unusual cause of chest pain

Spontaneous esophageal rupture (Boerhaave syndrome) is uncommon in children. Delayed or missed diagnosis can lead to poor outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality. To highlight the importance of early recognition and management of spontaneous esophageal rupture in children, we report a case of a 16-year-old boy who presented in the emergency department with acute chest pain after episodes of vomiting.     

涎腺上皮性肿瘤378例病理统计分析

目的：了解涎腺上皮性肿瘤在新疆的发病情况。方法：对３７８例涎腺上皮性肿瘤按不同民族、组织学类型、发生部位、患病年龄、性别进行了分析。结果：民族构成中汉族占绝大多数;良性肿瘤多于恶性肿瘤;病变组织学分类中混合瘤最常见;病变部位以腮腺为首;良性肿瘤患者以３０～３９岁组最多,而恶性肿瘤患者以５０～５９岁组最多;性别分布男性略多于女性。结论：涎腺上皮性肿瘤在新疆的发病情况与国内外文献报道基本相符