Topographic organization of descending projection neurons to the spinal cord of the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Several neurons from different nuclei give rise to descending spinal tracts and project to various levels in the spinal cord of goldfish, Carassius auratus. These were visualized by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) administered to the bilaterally transected spinal cord at 6 levels, corresponding to 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25gh segments of the vertebral column. As many as 16 brain nuclei or neuronal aggregations and the Mauthner cells project posteriorly up to the 20th spinal segment. Restricted neurons of the dorsolateral area in the nucleus preopticus magnocellularis and those of the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus projected up to the 20th and 25th segments respectively. In the mesencephalon, the nucleus ruber and the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus revealed retrogradely labeled somata; the former extended up to the 20th segment, while the latter projected up to the 25th segment. The remaining descending projected neurons of the brain belonged to the rhombencephalon. The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; anterior, magnocellular, descending and posterior divisions of the octaval nucleus: raphe nucleus; Mauthner cell and the neurons located adjacent to the trigeminal tract and those in the vicinity of the secondary gustatory tract sent their processes up to 20th segmental level. However, somata of the superior, medial and inferior divisions of the reticular nucleus and restricted neurons of the facial lobe extended up to 25th segmental level. The pattern of neuronal projections into the spinal cord suggests a topographic organization.     

Effect of vitamin A deficiency on oxalate uptake by rat intestinal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) and its contribution towards urolithiasis

The intestinal uptake of [14C]oxalate, [14C]glyoxylate, and [14C]glycolate are studied in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from vitamin A-deficient and pair-fed control rats. The data obtained indicate that oxalate and its precursors are transported across the BBMV by passive diffusion. The intestinal uptake of glyoxylate and glycolate remains unaltered in vitamin A deficiency, while uptake rate of oxalate was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in vitamin A-deficient rats as compared to pair-fed controls. In conclusion, the results indicate that vitamin A deficiency leads to hyperabsorption of oxalate through the gut.     

Aortopulmonary window with patent ductus arteriosus and interrupted aortic arch: A case report

Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery -     

Spontaneous gall bladder perforation: a rare entity in infants.

Spontaneous gall bladder perforation in infants is rare. We report a 3-month-old male infant who presented with progressive abdominal distension, low-grade fever, bilateral hydrocele and acholic stools. Ultrasonography showed free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which was bile-stained on paracentesis. Surgical exploration revealed sterile biliary peritonitis and a gangrenous gall bladder. Partial cholecystectomy with external biliary drainage resulted in satisfactory recovery.     

Perforation of the gall bladder following typhoid fever-induced ileal perforation.

Gall bladder perforation is a potentially life-threatening condition. Spontaneous perforation is infrequent and rarely seen in the absence of gallstones but gall bladder perforation is an occasional complication of typhoid fever. If such perforations are not treated in time, mortality rates are very high. We report a case of gall bladder perforation complicating typhoid fever following enteric perforation of the ileum necessitating sequential laparotomies during the same admission.