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81.
Ajit K. Shah Richard C. Brundage Kathleen D. Lake Ronald J. Sawchuk 《Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition》1995,16(1):59-70
We estimated the free fraction (fu) of cyclosporine (CyA) in the plasma from concentrations of CyA in urine (Cu) and plasma (Cp), urine flow rate (UF), and glomerular filtration rate in rabbits and in heart transplant patients. Following intravenous administration of CyA (5–30 mg kg?1) in ten NZW rabbits and oral administration of CyA (4.8–12.1 mg kg?1) in nine heart transplant patients, CyA concentrations in urine and plasma were measured by HPLC. The ratios of Cu to Cp and UF data were fitted to a physiological model of renal clearance using NONMEM. The free fraction of cyclosporine in the rabbits and the heart transplant patients was 0.0122 and 0.14, respectively. Because of the relatively low permeability of CyA across the tubular epithelium, no apparent equilibrium between Cu and Cp at any urine flow rate was reached and, therefore, the Cu to Cp ratio will not be equal to fu. 相似文献
82.
The Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX) system plays a pivotal role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cardiomyocytes, neuronal cells, kidney and a variety of other cells. It performs a particularly important function in regulating cardiac contractility and electrical activity. One of the leading NCX inhibitors is KB‐R9743 (KBR) that appears to exhibit selectivity for Ca2+‐influx‐mode NCX activity (reverse mode of NCX). In this article we reviewed pharmacology of KBR and provide a brief summary of studies with other NCX inhibitors, such as SEA0400 (SEA) and SN‐6 (SN). Potential clinical usefulness of KBR and other NCX inhibitors is still controversial but the reviewed findings may be helpful in designing more selective and clinically useful NCX inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac, neuronal and kidney diseases. 相似文献
83.
84.
G. Michael Taylor Thomas J. Neuhaus Vanita Shah Susannah Dillon T. Martin Barratt 《Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)》1997,11(4):404-410
Experimental studies have pointed to charge selectivity as an important determinant of glomerular permeability to macromolecules.
Loss of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) polyanion has been proposed as a cause of the selective proteinuria in minimal
change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). However, the presence of less-anionic albumin in urine than plasma from MCNS and focal and
segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) patients has been interpreted both as evidence for partial maintenance of charge selectivity
and for involvement of other pathogenic mechanisms. The exact role of charge selectivity in the pathogenesis of nephrotic
proteinuria remains controversial. We have examined the clearance of endogenous proteins of differing size and charge in children
with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). Chromatofocusing was used to determine the isoelectric points (pIs) of albumins in
paired plasma and urine samples from patients with FSGS (n = 6) and MCNS (n = 6). Charge selectivity was assessed by comparing the pIs of the fractions with the highest albumin concentration (modal
pI) in plasma and urine. The difference between the modal pIs was defined as the delta modal pI. Charge selectivity was also
assessed from the albumin/transferrin and IgG4/IgG1 clearance ratios; size selectivity from the IgG1/albumin and IgG1/transferrin
as well as the IgG4/albumin and IgG4/transferrin clearances. In children with FSGS, the mean (± SD) delta modal pI was – 0.05
± 0.16, and in MCNS – 0.05 ± 0.11. Neither value differed significantly from zero. The albumin/transferrin clearance ratio
showed no significant difference between FSGS and MCNS, but the IgG4/IgG1 clearance ratio was significantly higher in MCNS
(P<0.05). Size selectivity was significantly reduced in FSGS compared with MCNS (for IgG1/transferrin P<0.01 and for IgG1/albumin P<0.05). For IgG4/transferrin and IgG4/albumin, P was <0.05. In conclusion, there was no evidence for residual charge selectivity in idiopathic NS associated with either MCNS
or FSGS during nephrotic-range proteinuria. There was a significant loss of GBM size selectivity in children with FSGS with
heavy proteinuria compared with children with MCNS with heavy proteinuria.
Received August 7, 1996; received in revised form and accepted December 16, 1996 相似文献
85.
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and the protein kinase C activator, 4-beta-phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu), both induced a pronounced and concentration-dependent stimulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by purified guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils in the concentration range 1 nM-1 microM. The LTB4 response was inhibited competitively by the specific LTB4 receptor antagonist, U-75302, with a KB of 25 nM, while the concentration-response curves for both stimuli were shifted rightwards (3.8-fold and 2.8-fold for LTB4 and PDBu, respectively) by the competitive protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methylglycerol at a concentration of 300 microM. LTB4 appears, therefore, to induce respiratory burst in eosinophils via a receptor-mediated mechanism involving protein kinase C. 相似文献
86.
87.
S. Sukhija V. K. Gupta A. Shah S. Thiel P. U. Sarma & T. Madan 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》2004,59(6):624-624
Activation of complement pathways, leading to production of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins, has been postulated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic airway inflammation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), an initiator of the lectin pathway of complement, in asthma and allergic rhinitis. MBL levels and MBL-induced complement activity were determined in 19 patients of bronchial asthma with allergic rhinitis and 20 unrelated, age-matched controls of Indian origin. MBL levels and activity were correlated with percent eosinophilia and percent predicted FEV1 values of the patients. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon 1 and intron 1 of the MBL with the disease, clinical markers, MBL levels and MBL-induced complement activity was analysed using standard statistical tools. Significantly higher MBL levels and activity were observed in patients of bronchial asthma with allergic rhinitis as compared to the controls. We identified five SNPs, of which two, A816G in exon 1 and G1011A in intron 1 of the MBL, were novel. SNP G1011A was significantly associated with the disease ( P = 0.0024, OR = 5.8696, 95% CI: 1.7316 < OR < 19.8963). Individuals with 'A' allele at position 1011 showed increased MBL levels, activity and disease severity. Our results suggest that 'A' allele at position 1011 leading to high MBL levels and complement activity may be contributing to the severity of bronchial asthma and allergic airway inflammation. 相似文献
88.
89.
Charles Kelly Vinidh Paleri Carole Downs Raina Shah 《Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery》2007,136(1):108-111
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life and psychologic profile during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The University of Washington QoL instrument and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were administered to 202 patients at two or three time points during radiation therapy. RESULTS: A total of 118 (54.6%) patients completed the questionnaires at the beginning and at the end of the study. A mid-treatment dataset was also available for 67 (31.0%) patients. There was a statistically significant deterioration in composite QoL scores (P < 0.000) and a statistically significant increase in depression (P < 0.000). There was no difference in anxiety levels (P = 0.276). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing radiation are increasingly depressed as treatment progresses, with worsening QoL during the treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: This study underlines the need for good psychologic support during radiation therapy in head and neck cancer. 相似文献
90.