The effects of hypothyroidism in rats on serum leptin concentrations and leptin mRNA levels in adipose tissue and relationship with body fat composition

Both thyroid hormones and leptin affect sympathetic nervous system activity, basal metabolic rate, body fat mass, food intake, and thermogenesis, and each one also affects the actions of the other. We examined the alterations in serum leptin concentrations and leptin mRNA expression in hypothyroid rats and investigated the relation between serum leptin and leptin mRNA levels with the total adipose tissue mass and total body weight. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups, euthyroid and hypothyroid. Their body compositions were examined by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry at the beginning and end of the study. Serum leptin concentrations and levels of leptin mRNA in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue were measured at the end of the study. Serum leptin concentrations did not show any difference between the two groups (1.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml in the hypo and euthyroid group, P > 0.05), but the fat mass of the hypothyroid rats were lower than the euthyroid rats (21.1 +/- 2.5 g in the euthyroid group and 14.2 +/- 1.9 g in the hypothyroid group, P > 0.05 between groups at the end of the study) although the difference between the groups was statistically not significant. Leptin mRNA level was significantly higher in the hypothyroid group than in the euthyroid group (21.6 +/- 1.6 vs. 15.1 +/- 1.2 ng respectively, P = 0.002) although the dissected retroperitoneal fat weight was significantly lower in the hypothyroid group versus the euthyroid group (1.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.2 g respectively, P = 0.013). In conclusion, the change of leptin mRNA expression in white adipocytes was thought to be the direct result of hypothyroidism or a compensatory response to metabolic changes caused by hypothyroidism.     

Serum copper and zinc concentrations in patients with chronic hepatitis C

The aim of this study was to measure the alterations in serum trace elements, including zinc and copper in patients with chronic hepatitis C and to compare them with the results of healthy individuals. Seventeen patients with chronic hepatitis C and 17 healthy individuals were included in this study. Serum zinc and cooper concentrations were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer of patients with chronic hepatitis C and the results were statistically compared with those of healthy individuals. Serum zinc concentrations were 105.6+/-22.8 microg/dl in patients with chronic hepatitis C and 94.41+/-19 microg/dl in healthy controls, respectively. Serum copper concentrations were 103.17+/-20.8 microg/dl in patients with chronic hepatitis C and 90.8+/-14.3 microg/dl in healthy subjects, respectively. Serum zinc and copper concentrations were not found statistically different in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared with those of healthy individuals (p>0.05). In conclusion, serum trace element concentrations did not show statistical alterations in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to healthy subjects.     

Poor coronary collateral circulation is associated with higher concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with single-vessel disease

OBJECTIVE: As the endothelium and inflammatory cells play a crucial role in the development of collaterals after a sudden or slowly progressing stenosis of coronary arteries, the levels of soluble endothelial adhesion molecules (CAMs) including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin were compared between patients with poor coronary collaterals and patients with well-developed collaterals. METHODS: In the study, 97 non-diabetic subjects with single-vessel disease were included. Collateral supply to the stenotic coronary artery was determined by angiographic grading system of 0-3 (Rentrop et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5:587-592). Serum levels of adhesion molecules were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Patients were divided into two groups according to the collateral degree (group A: 50 patients with grade 0 and 1; group B: 47 patients with grade 2 and 3 collaterals). The groups were well matched with respect to baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics. Levels of soluble VCAM-1 (mean+/-SEM; 875+/-26.6 versus 742.7+/-35.1 ng/ml; P=0.004), ICAM-1 (322.4+/-12.4 versus 269.4+/-13.3 ng/ml; P=0.005), and E-selectin (43.6+/-2.6 versus 33+/-2.4 ng/ml; P=0.004) were found to be significantly higher in group A in comparison with group B. In addition, when patients were divided into four groups according to the collateral degree, patients with grade 0 collaterals had the highest values and those with grade 3 collaterals had the lowest values for all these molecules. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that poor collateral circulation is associated with increased levels of soluble CAMs in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of these inflammatory markers in the setting of poor collateral circulation.     

Wide QRS Complex and Lateral ST-T Segment Abnormality Are Associated With Worse Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients

BackgroundThe information on electrocardiographic features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Our aim was to determine if baseline electrocardiographic features of hospitalized COVID-19 patients are associated with markers of myocardial injury and clinical outcomes.MethodsIn this retrospective, single center cohort study, we included 223 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Clinical, electrocardiographic and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Primary composite endpoint of mortality, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, or admission to the intensive care unit was assessed.ResultsForty patients (17.9%) reached the primary composite endpoint. Patients with the primary composite endpoint were more likely to have wide QRS complex (>120 ms) and lateral ST-T segment abnormality. The multivariable Cox regression showed increasing odds of the primary composite endpoint associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio 7.76, 95% CI 2.67–22.59; p < 0.001), acute cardiac injury (odds ratio 3.14, 95% CI 1.26–7.99; p = 0.016), high flow oxygen therapy (odds ratio 2.43, 95% CI 1.05–5.62; p = 0.037) and QRS duration longer than >120 ms (odds ratio 3.62, 95% CI 1.39–9.380; p = 0.008) Patients with a wide QRS complex (>120 ms) had significantly higher median level of troponin T and pro-BNP than those without it. Patients with abnormality of lateral ST-T segment had significantly higher median level of troponin T and pro-BNP than patients without.ConclusionsThe presence of QRS duration longer than 120 ms and lateral ST-T segment abnormality were associated with worse clinical outcomes and higher levels of myocardial injury biomarkers.     

Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern Turkey

The herpesviruses infections in equides are caused by five different serotypes of viruses, belonging to family Herpesviridae. The goal of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological investigation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) in horses and donkeys raised in two provinces and their villages in northeastern Turkey. A total of 666 samples from 423 horses and 243 donkeys that were not immunized against these infections were tested with ELISA. While 52.48% of tested horse sera was found to carry specific antibodies to EHV-1, 83.69% of these serums were found to carry specific antibodies to EHV-4. 51. Eighty-five percent of analyzed donkey samples tested positive for EHV-1 and 64.20% of these samples tested positive for EHV-4 antibodies. When the horse and donkey samples were evaluated together, 52.25% were seropositive for EHV-1 and 76.58% were seropositive for EHV-4. This study showed that EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections are quite common in the horses and donkeys being raised in the areas where the study was carried out. In addition, since the area where the study was carried out in the borders of Armenia and Georgia, the high level of seropositive results for these infections leads to the conclusion that we should consider the risk of diseases spreading to neighboring countries. This is the first study to serologically identify EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections in donkeys raised in Turkey.Key Words: Donkey, Equine herpesvirus type-1, Equine herpesvirus type-4, Horse     

Use of pleural fluid C-reactive protein in diagnosis of pleural effusions

The aims of the study were to assess whether C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker for discriminating between transudative and exudative and pleural effusions to evaluate whether it can be used to distinguish inflammatory pleural effusions from other types of effusion. Pleural fluid and serum CRP levels were obtained in 97 patients with pleural effusion, using an immunoturbidimetric method (Olympus AU-600 autoanalyser). We compared CRP levels between transudates and exudates, inflammatory effusions and other types of effusion. According to the criteria used, 16 patients were included in the transudate group and 81 patients in the exudate group. Pleural fluid CRP levels were significantly lower in the transudate group (P<0.04; 14.9 +/- 4.9 mg l(-1) and 35.5 +/- 4.9 mg l(-1) respectively). Also, the ratio of pleural fluid to serum was significantly lower in the transudate group (P<0.009; 0.8 +/- 0.5 mg l(-1) and 2.8 +/- 0.7 mg l(-1), respectively). In the exudate group, 35 patients had neoplastic effusions, 10 chronic non-specific pleurisy, 19 tuberculous pleurisy, 16 parapneumonic effusion and one Dressler Syndrome. When these sub-groups were compared, the parapneumonic effusion subgroup CRP levels (mean 89 +/- 16.3 mg l(-1)) were significantly higher than those in the other subgroups, other exudate of neoplastic effusion, tuberculous pleurisy and chronic non-specific effusion and the transudate group (P<0.0001; P<0.0001; P<0.0004 and P<0.0001, respectively). The ratio between pleural fluid and serum CRP was significantly higher in the parapneumonic effusion subgroup than in the neoplastic subgroup (P<0.0002; 6.6 +/- 2.7 mg l(-1) and 1 +/- 0.2 mg l(-1), respectively). Pleural fluid CRP levels > 30 mg l(-1) had a high sensitivity (93.7%) and specificity (76.5%) and a positive predictive value of 98.4%. In the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions, higher CRP levels may prove to be a rapid, practical and accurate method of differentiating parapneumonic effusions from other exudate types. Although the high level of CRP obtained in the exudate group may be due to the number of patients with parapneumonic effusion who were included, the pleural CRP level may also be helpful in discriminating between exudative and transudative pleural effusions.     

The relationship between epicardial fat tissue thickness and visceral adipose tissue in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is related to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular metabolic syndromes. This is particularly true for individuals with central and abdominal obesity because visceral abdominal adipose tissue (VAAT) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) produce a large number of proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines. The present study aimed to determine whether there are changes in VAAT and EAT levels which were considered as indirect predictors for subclinical atherosclerosis in lean patients with PCOS.

Methods

The clinical and demographic characteristics of 35 patients with PCOS and 38 healthy control subjects were recorded for the present study. Additionally, the serum levels of various biochemical parameters were measured and EAT levels were assessed using 2D-transthoracic echocardiography.

Results

There were no significant differences in mean age (p?=?0.056) or mean body mass index (BMI) (p?=?0.446) between the patient and control groups. However, the body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, amount of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue, and VAAT thickness were higher in the PCOS patient group than in the control group. The amounts of EAT in the patient and control groups were similar (p?=?0.384). EAT was correlated with BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and hip circumference but not with any biochemical metabolic parameters including the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index or the levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. However, there was a small positive correlation between the amounts of VAAT and EAT. VAAT was directly correlated with body fat parameters such as BMI, fat mass, and abdominal subcutaneous adipose thickness and inversely correlated with the HDL cholesterol level.

Conclusions

The present study found that increased abdominal adipose tissue in patients with PCOS was associated with atherosclerosis. Additionally, EAT may aid in the determination of the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with PCOS because it is easily measured.

     

The evaluation of safety and efficacy of colistin use in pediatric intensive care unit: Results from two reference hospitals and review of literature

Colistin, an old cationic polypeptide antibiotic, have been reused due to rising incidence of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative microorganisms and the lack of new antibiotics. Therefore, we evaluated safety and efficacy of colistin in treatment of these infections. This study included 104 critically ill children with a median age of 55,9 months between January 2011 and January 2016. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 11 (10.5%) patients. Nephrotoxicity occurred between the third and seventh day of treatment in 63% of colistin induced nephrotoxicity episodes. The subgroup analysis between the patients who developed nephrotoxicity during colistin treatment and those that did not, showed no significant difference in terms of age, underlying disease, cause for PICU admission and type of infection required colistin treatment, P values were 0.615, 0.762, 0.621, 0.803, respectively. All patients were receiving a concomitant nephrotoxic agent (P = 0,355). The majority of the patients (52%) were having primary or secondary immune deficiency in treatment failure group and the most common cause of PICU admission was sepsis in treatment failure group, P values were 0.007 and 0.045, respectively. Mortality attributed to colistin failure and crude mortality were 14.4% and 29.8%, respectively. In conclusion, colistin may have a role in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in critically ill children. However, the patients have to be followed for side effects throughout colistin treatment, not for only early stage. And the clinicians should be aware of increase in the rate of nephrotoxicity in patients those have been receiving a concomitant nephrotoxic agent.     

Sonographic assessment of subacromial bursa distension during arm abduction: establishing a threshold value in the diagnosis of subacromial impingement syndrome

Purpose

In this study, we aimed to establish a quantitative threshold value in the diagnosis of subacromial impingement syndrome by measuring the thickness of the subacromial bursa during abduction and adduction.

Materials and methods

Forty-five patients with subacromial impingement syndrome and 54 healthy individuals underwent dynamic shoulder ultrasonography. The subacromial bursa, between the supraspinatus tendon margin and peribursal adipose tissue, was measured between the acromion and humeral head at its widest part. The subacromial impingement ratio was calculated by dividing the subacromial bursa thickness during abduction to the subacromial bursa thickness during adduction. Shapiro–Wilk test was used in the assessment of normal distribution of parameters.

Results

The mean subacromial bursa thickness in the abduction position was 1.8 ± 1.1 mm in the study group and 0.9 ± 0.3 mm in the control group. The mean subacromial bursa thickness in the adduction position was 0.9 ± 0.5 mm in the study group and 0.8 ± 0.3 mm in the control group. The subacromial impingement ratio showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.0001), and the ratio being 2.0 ± 0.5 in the study group and 1.2 ± 0.1 in the control group. For measurements performed in the abduction position, the best cut-off value was calculated as 1.3 mm, and sensitivity and specificity were 70.6 and 85.2%, respectively. The best cut-off value was 1.4 for the subacromial impingement ratio, and sensitivity and specificity were 88.2 and 96.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

Subacromial impingement ratio is a very practical and reliable method in subacromial impingement syndrome diagnosis.