Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic injury in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2

To investigate roles in intestinal inflammation for the 2 cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, we determined susceptibility to spontaneous and induced acute colitis in mice lacking either the COX-1 or COX-2 isoform. We treated wild-type, COX-1(-/-), COX-2(-/-), and heterozygous mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to provoke acute colonic inflammation, and we quantified tissue damage, prostaglandin (PG) E(2), and interleukin-1beta. No spontaneous gastrointestinal inflammation was detected in mice homozygous for either mutation, despite almost undetectable basal intestinal PGE(2) production in COX-1(-/-) mice. Both COX-1(-/-) and COX-2(-/-) mice showed increased susceptibility to a low-dose of DSS that caused mild colonic epithelial injury in wild-type mice. COX-2(-/-) mice were more susceptible than COX-1(-/-) mice, and selective pharmacologic blockade of COX-2 potentiated injury in COX-1(-/-) mice. At a high dose, DSS treatment was fatal to 50% of the animals in each mutant group, but all wild-type mice survived. DSS treatment increased PGE(2) intestinal secretion in all groups except COX-2(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate that COX-1 and COX-2 share a crucial role in the defense of the intestinal mucosa (with inducible COX-2 being perhaps more active during inflammation) and that neither isoform is essential in maintaining mucosal homeostasis in the absence of injurious stimuli.     

鼻中隔矫正术对变应性鼻炎伴鼻中隔偏曲患者生活质量的影响

目的评价鼻中隔偏曲矫正术对持续性变应性鼻炎（allergicrhinitis,AR）伴鼻中隔偏曲患者症状和生活质量的影响。方法应用症状视觉模拟评分量表（Visual Analogue Scale,VAs）和鼻结膜炎生存质量量表（Rhinocon junctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire,RQI。Q）对62例持续性变应性鼻炎伴鼻中隔偏曲患者行鼻中隔偏曲术前、术后1个月、术后6个月临床症状和生活质量进行研究。结果鼻中隔偏曲矫正术后1个月、6个月患者症状、生活质量较术前均得到改善。术后1个月、6个月RQI．Q量表中各个维度的得分较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后6个月除总评分外,其余各维度与术后1个月比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。VAS量表显示：术后患者症状较术前均有不同程度的改善,但改善最明显的为鼻塞,其次为打喷嚏。结论变应性鼻炎伴鼻中隔偏曲患者的生活质量降低,鼻中隔偏曲矫正术能明显的改善患者症状同时能提高患者的生活质量。     

Radium-223 in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer

In 2004, docetaxel was approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer （mCRPC）. For the next several years, there was a lull in drug approvals. However, from 2010 onwards, 5 additional therapies have been approved on the basis of showing a survival benefit in phase III studies. These agents include sipuleuceI-T, cabazitaxel, abiraterone, enzalutamide and （most recently） radium-223. Amongst radiopharmaceuticals currently used for advanced prostate cancer （e.g. samarium-153 and strontium-89）, radium-223 possesses several unique properties. As an alpha-emitting compound, the agent produces a high-energy output over a short range, facilitating selective destruction of tissue within the bone in the region of osteoblastic lesions while sparing surrounding normal tissue. The current review will outline biological rationale for radium-223 and also provide an overview of preclinical and clinical development of the agent. Rational sequencing of radium-223 and combinations, in the increasingly complex landscape of mCRPC will be discussed, along with factors influencing clinical implementation.     

Long-term survival of participants in the prostate ：ancer prevention trial

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial （PCPT） is a seminal study in the field of urology. More than 10years after its initial publication, updated data from this trial continue to shape our understanding of prostate cancer. Among the major findings from the PCPT has been the demonstration that prostate cancer is common in men with prostate-specific antigen （PSA） once thought to be in the normal range,~ finasteride prevents the development of benign prostatic hypertrophy,2 it increases the sensitivity of PSA3 and digital rectal examination.4 Furthermore the PCPT helped to establish the link between erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease,5 and perhaps most importantly finasteride demonstrated a 25% relative risk reduction in the diagnosis of prostate cancer compared with placebo.     

Model for the evaluation of drug-dispensing services in primary health care

OBJECTIVE

To develop a model for evaluating the efficacy of drug-dispensing service in primary health care.

METHODS

An efficacy criterion was adopted to determine the level of achievement of the service objectives. The evaluation model was developed on the basis of a literature search and discussions with experts. The applicability test of the model was conducted in 15 primary health care units in the city of Florianópolis, state of Santa Catarina, in 2010, and data were recorded in structured and pretested questionnaires.

RESULTS

The model developed was evaluated using five dimensions of analysis for analysis. The model was suitable for evaluating service efficacy and helped to identify the critical points of each service dimension.

CONCLUSIONS

Adaptations to the data collection technique may be required to adjust for the reality and needs of each situation. The evaluation of the drug-dispensing service should promote adequate access to medications supplied through the public health system.     

细菌快速检测试纸片法与传统方法培养结果的比较

目的比较细菌快速检测试纸片法与传统的方法在细菌检测结果上的差异。方法用试纸片法对物体表面污染菌总数和大肠杆菌进行检测,同时与传统方法作平行比较。结果检测细菌总数,用常规方法培养48 h后,细菌生长正常;而纸片法培养48 h,营养琼脂平板上无菌生长,继续培养至72 h才出现菌落。大肠菌群检测中,传统9管发酵法培养24h即有菌生长,国产大肠菌群快速检测试纸法培养36 h和日本产试纸片培养48 h才出现肉眼可见菌落。结论细菌快速检测试纸片虽能简化操作,但存在技术缺陷,且成本高。