Thrombotic microangiopathy in adult Still's disease

Adult Still's disease (ASD) is a rare systemic disorder characterized by fever, arthralgia, cutaneous rash, and lymphadenopathy, with high polymorphonuclear leucocytosis and low glycosylated ferritinaemia. Kidney involvement has been reported rarely. We present a patient with ASD who developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). The 42-year-old patient was admitted for unexplained fever related to ASD according to Yamaguchi's classification criteria. As Still's disease was resistant to prednisone, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IV Ig) were administered. During the follow-up the patient developed acute renal failure and non-immune haemolytic anaemia with high levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (IgG anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-beta2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies). Renal biopsy disclosed thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) with arteriolar and glomerular involvement. Treatment with steroids and intravenous IV Ig was reinitiated but renal function worsened towards end-stage renal failure. In this case, we suggest that antiphospholipid antibodies could have promoted arteriolar and glomerular TMA. HUS may be the cause of acute renal failure in Still's disease.     

Studies on murine thyroiditis: new insights from organ flow cytometry.

The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is frequently studied in murine models, in which disease outcome is traditionally assessed by light microscopy. To determine whether digital imaging improves reliability of the histopathologic assessment, and whether flow cytometry is applicable directly on the murine thyroid, we studied 395 CBA/J mice 3 weeks after thyroglobulin immunization, and 192 nonimmunized CBA/J mice. Digital imaging significantly improved reliability of the histopathological assessment (r = 0.988, 95% confidence interval: 0.980-0.992, p < 0.0001), and flow cytometry on the murine thyroid could be performed successfully. We also found that normal thyroids contained a higher than expected number of hematopoietic cells in the interstitium. We suggest that digital imaging offers a better means of estimating disease outcome, and that flow cytometry performed at the target organ levels reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis more closely than when performed on peripheral lymphoid organs. These methods should also be applicable to other organ systems targeted by autoimmune attack, such as heart, exocrine, and other endocrine glands.     

Hypertension in women: the Women Take Heart project

Hypertension is an important, modifiable risk for cardiovascular disease. The Women Take Heart study, a prospective, community-based cohort study of risk factors for heart disease, provides an opportunity to examine prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension specifically in women. In 1992, 5932 women, age 35 and older (mean age, 52.9; 86% white, 9% African American, 5% other) and free of active heart disease symptoms for 3 months, were recruited through Chicago area public announcements, and their baseline examination data analyzed. Overall, 47.6% were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, or self-report). Only 17.3% reported being hypertensive; in 63.2% of all hypertensive women, the hypertension was undetected or unacknowledged. Blood pressure was controlled to <140/90 mm Hg in 24.1% of self-reported hypertensives. Results from this study and national surveys indicate that hypertension detection and control remain major public health challenges in preventing cardiovascular disease in older women.     

Is cognitive change related to hypothyroidism reversible with replacement therapy?

PURPOSE: Although cognitive impairment related to hypothyroidism has been investigated, issues regarding treatment have been less extensively studied. The aim of this study was to assess cognitive function in patients with hypothyroidism just before treatment and after hypothyroidism had resolved. METHODS: Standardized psychometric assessment (including ten tests) was done in 30 outpatients with biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism (TSH = 92.1 mU/L, range: 11.4-400) and in 30 control subjects matched for age and gender with normal thyroid function. These tests were repeated twice before treatment and after hypothyroidism had been cured. Statistical analysis was done using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The baseline characteristic of patients with hypothyroidism showed that attention, motor speed, memory and visual-spatial organization were significantly impaired. Cognitive decline was significantly greater with increasing age. Cognitive impairment significantly decreased after hypothyroidism had been cured, reaching values obtained in age-matched control subjects. CONCLUSION: Attention, motor speed, memory and visual-spatial organization are significantly impaired in hypothyroidism, particularly in the elderly, suggesting that ageing could have potential effects on cognitive functions. Hormone-replacement therapy leads to normalization of the cognitive functions.     

Effects of oral magnesium therapy on exercise tolerance,exercise-induced chest pain,and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease

Previous studies have demonstrated that magnesium supplementation improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the impact on clinical outcomes, such as exercise-induced chest pain, exercise tolerance, and quality of life, has not been established. In a multicenter, multinational, prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial, 187 patients with CAD (151 men, 36 women; mean +/- SD age 63 +/- 10 years, range 42 to 83) were randomized to receive either oral magnesium 15 mmol twice daily (Magnosolv-Granulat, total magnesium 365 mg provided as magnesium citrate) (n = 94) or placebo (n = 93) for 6 months. Symptom-limited exercise testing (Bruce protocol) and responses given on quality-of-life questionnaires were the outcomes measured. Magnesium therapy significantly increased intracellular magnesium levels ([Mg]i) in a substudy of 106 patients at 6 months compared with placebo (35.5 +/- 3.7 vs 32.6 +/- 2.9 mEq/L, p = 0.0151). Magnesium treatment significantly increased exercise duration time compared with placebo (8.7 +/- 2.1 vs 7.8 +/- 2.9 minutes, p = 0.0075), and lessened exercise-induced chest pain (8% vs 21%, p = 0.0237). Quality-of-life parameters significantly improved in the magnesium group. These findings suggest that oral magnesium supplementation in patients with CAD for 6 months results in a significant improvement in exercise tolerance, exercise-induced chest pain, and quality of life, suggesting a potential mechanism whereby magnesium could beneficially alter outcomes in patients with CAD.     

Understanding how breast cancer patients use risk information from genomic tests

We sought to examine how patients’ treatment decisions incorporate potentially conflicting information from standard clinical indicators (e.g., tumor size) and genomic tests for breast cancer recurrence risk. Participants were 77 early stage breast cancer survivors who previously received genomic testing. They read six hypothetical vignettes that varied recurrence risk indicated by standard tests (low or high risk) coupled with the genomic test (low, intermediate or high risk). For each vignette, women reported their perceived recurrence risk and treatment preferences. Test results indicating high recurrence risk increased perception of risk and preference for chemotherapy (p < .001 for all). Perceived risk explained (i.e., mediated) the effect of test results on chemotherapy preferences. When test results conflicted, women gave more weight to genomic over standard test results. Hypothetical genomic test results had the intended effect of influencing women’s perceptions of recurrence risk and interest in chemotherapy.     

Real-Time Genomic Epidemiological Evaluation of Human Campylobacter Isolates by Use of Whole-Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing

Sequence-based typing is essential for understanding the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections, a major worldwide cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. We demonstrate the practical and rapid exploitation of whole-genome sequencing to provide routine definitive characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli for clinical and public health purposes. Short-read data from 384 Campylobacter clinical isolates collected over 4 months in Oxford, United Kingdom, were assembled de novo. Contigs were deposited at the pubMLST.org/campylobacter website and automatically annotated for 1,667 loci. Typing and phylogenetic information was extracted and comparative analyses were performed for various subsets of loci, up to the level of the whole genome, using the Genome Comparator and Neighbor-net algorithms. The assembled sequences (for 379 isolates) were diverse and resembled collections from previous studies of human campylobacteriosis. Small subsets of very closely related isolates originated mainly from repeated sampling from the same patients and, in one case, likely laboratory contamination. Much of the within-patient variation occurred in phase-variable genes. Clinically and epidemiologically informative data can be extracted from whole-genome sequence data in real time with straightforward, publicly available tools. These analyses are highly scalable, are transparent, do not require closely related genome reference sequences, and provide improved resolution (i) among Campylobacter clonal complexes and (ii) between very closely related isolates. Additionally, these analyses rapidly differentiated unrelated isolates, allowing the detection of single-strain clusters. The approach is widely applicable to analyses of human bacterial pathogens in real time in clinical laboratories, with little specialist training required.     

Mauling of the “Celtic Tiger”: Clinical characteristics and outcome of first-episode depression secondary to the economic recession in Ireland

Background

There is a dearth of studies describing clinical characteristics and outcome of patients who present with mood disorders related to economic recession.

Aims

To describe a cohort of patients admitted with first-episode depression related to the Irish economic recession and compare this cohort with all other first-episode depressives admitted during the same time period (2009–2010).

Methods

A cohort of 137 patients admitted with first-episode depression to an independent university teaching hospital was prospectively identified and followed up from admission over 2 years (mean follow-up 430 days, s.d. 176 days). The cohort was divided into “Celtic Tiger” (patients with first-episode depression secondary to the economic recession) and non-Celtic Tiger control patients (other first-episode depressed patients). Both groups were compared in terms of clinical characteristics at baseline and outcome over follow-up.

Results

The number of admissions due to first depressive episodes were higher in recession years 2009/10 than in pre-recession years 2008/9. Celtic Tiger patients were predominantly male and more severely depressed with more marked suicidal ideation (χ², p<0.001) than control patients. They were more likely to recover (χ², p=0.013), less likely to recur (χ², p<0.001) and had faster time to recovery (log rank, p<0.001) and slower time to full recurrence (log rank, p=0.001). The Celtic Tiger patients spent more time asymptomatic and less time at full and subthreshold depression levels over follow-up.

Limitations

Study setting of centre specializing in affective disorders treatment, retrospective nature of follow-up after initial prospective interview and lack of patient follow-up interview.

Conclusion

The study describes a subgroup of patients with severe depression associated with economic recession with likely high suicide risk but very favourable outcome.     

Book review of Human Growth: Assessment and Interpretation. By Alex F. Roche and Shumei S. Sun. (Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 2003). [pp. 311]. ISBN: 0 521 78245 7. US$95, £53.50.

Background: In many parts of the developing world, modernization has resulted in an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and a subsequent rise in nutrition-related, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

Aim: The study examined the impact of socio-economic and lifestyle changes associated with modernization on the body size and shape of Balinese women.

Subjects and methods: Anthropometric data including weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and seven skinfolds were collected from 564 Balinese women, aged between 15 and 45 years. The relationship between the degree of ‘modernization’ (using such parameters as household wealth and education level) and body size and shape was analysed using multiple regression analysis, as was the effect of age, family size and breast-feeding.

Results: Using the WHO (WHO ) categories of BMI, 14% of Balinese women displayed Chronic Energy Deficiency (BMI<18.5?kg?m^?2), 7% were overweight (BMI?=?25.0–29.9?kg?m^?2) and less than 1% were obese (BMI?≥?30.0?kg?m^?2). Household wealth (p<0.0001) and education level (p<0.05) were significantly associated with fatness, while breast-feeding (p<0.05) was significantly associated with leanness. Fat distribution was largely independent of biological and socio-economic variables.

Conclusions: The trend toward increasing fatness associated with greater household wealth and higher education has important health implications for Balinese women as they continue their rapid transition from subsistence agriculture towards a more ‘western’ lifestyle.

Résumé. Arrière plan: Dans de nombreuses régions du globe, à la faveur du développement et de la modernisation, est apparue une prévalence du surpoids et de l’obésité ainsi qu’un accroissement corollaire de maladies non infectieuses telles que les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète de type 2.

But: L’étude examine l’impact des changements socioéconomiques et de style de vie associés à la modernisation, sur le format et la forme du corps des femmes balinaises.

Sujets et méthodes: Des données anthropométriques comprenant le poids, la stature, l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et sept plis cutanés, ont été collectées sur 564 femmes balinaises âgées de 15 à 45 ans. La relation entre le degré de ‘modernisation’ (au moyen de paramètres tels que l’aisance du foyer et le niveau éducatif) et la forme et le format corporel a été analysée, ainsi que les effets de l’âge, de la dimension de la famille et de l’allaitement maternel, au moyen de régressions multiples.

Résultats: Par rapport aux catégories d’IMC de l’OMS (1995), 14% des femmes balinaises présentent une déficience chronique d’énergie (IMC<18,5?kg?m^?2), 7% ont du surpoids (IMC?=?25,0–29,9?kg?m^?2) et moins de 1% sont obèses (IMC≥30,0?kg?m^?2). L’aisance du foyer (p<0,0001) et le niveau éducatif (p<0,05) sont associés significativement à l’adiposité tandis que l’allaitement maternel l’est avec la minceur. La distribution de l’adiposité est largement indépendante des variables biologiques et socioéconomiques.

Conclusion: La tendance en direction d’un accroissement de l’adiposité en association avec meilleure aisance domestique et meilleure éducation présente des implications importantes pour la santé des femmes balinaises, dans la mesure où elles poursuivent une rapide transition d’une agriculture de subsistance à un mode de vie plus ‘occidental’.

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In vielen Entwicklungsländern hat die Modernisierung zu einem Anstieg der Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas geführt und in der Folge zu einem Anstieg ernährungsabhängiger nicht-übertragbarer Erkrankungen wie kardiovaskulärer Krankheiten und Typ2 Diabetes.

Ziel: Die Studie untersuchte die Bedeutung der mit der Modernisierung einhergehenden, sozio-ökonomischen Veränderungen und der Veränderungen des Lebensstils auf Körpermaße und Körperproportionen Balinesischer Frauen.

Probanden und Methoden: Anthropometrische Daten einschließlich Gewicht, Höhe, Körpermasse-Index (body mass index, BMI) und sieben Hautfettfalten wurden bei 564 Balinesischen Frauen im Alter zwischen 15 und 45 Jahren erhoben. Die Beziehung zwischen dem Grad der ‘Modernisierung’ (unter Verwendung von Begriffen wie verfügbares Haushaltseinkommen und Schulbildung) und Körpermaßen und Körperproportionen wurde mittels multipler Regressionsanalysen hinsichtlich der Effekte von Alter, Familiengröße und Stillen untersucht.

Ergebnisse: Unter Verwendung der WHO-Kategorien () für BMI zeigten 14% der Balinesischen Frauen Zeichen eines chronischen kalorischen Defizits (BMI??2), 7% waren übergewichtig (BMI?=?25,0—29,9?kg?m^?2) und weniger als 1% waren adipös (BMI?≥?30,0?kg?m^?2). Verfügbares Haushaltseinkommen (p<0,0001) und Schulbildung (p<0,05) waren signifikant mit übergewicht, Stillen jedoch (p<0,05) signifikant mit Magerkeit korreliert. Die Fettverteilung war überwiegend unabhängig von den biologischen und sozio-ökonomischen Variablen.

Zusammenfassung: Der Trend zu zunehmendem Übergewicht, der mit größerem verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen und besserer Schulbildung assoziiert ist, hat große gesundheitliche Bedeutung für Balinesischer Frauen, solange ihr rasanter Übergang von einer landwirtschaftlichen Subsistenzkultur zu einem mehr ‘westlichen’ Lebensstil anhält.

Resumen. Antecedentes: En muchos lugares del mundo en vías de desarrollo, la modernización ha producido un incremento de la prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad así como del riesgo subsecuente de sufrir enfermedades no transmisibles relacionadas con la nutrición, como la enfermedad cardiovascular y la diabetes tipo 2.

Objetivo: El estudio examinó el impacto de los cambios socioeconómicos y del estilo de vida asociados con la modernización sobre el tamaño y la forma corporal de las mujeres balinesas.

Sujetos y Métodos: Se recogieron datos antropométricos que incluían el peso, la estatura y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 564 mujeres de Bali, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 45 años. La relación entre el grado de ‘modernización’ (utilizando parámetros como la salud familiar y el nivel de educación) y el tamaño y la forma del cuerpo se analizó mediante un análisis de regresión múltiple, que consideraba el efecto de la edad, el tamaño familiar y el amamantamiento.

Resultados: Según las categorías de la WHO () para el IMC, el 14% de las mujeres balinesas mostraron una Deficiencia Energética Crónica (IMC<18,5?kg?m^?2), el 7% presentaba sobrepeso (IMC?=?25,0–29,9?kg?m^?2) y menos del 1% eran obesas (IMC?≥?30,0?kg?m^?2). La salud familiar (p<0,0001) y el nivel de estudios (p<0,05) estaban significativamente asociados con la adiposidad (exceso de peso), mientras que el amamantamiento (p<0,05) estaba significativamente asociado con la delgadez. La distribución de grasa era muy independiente de las variables biológicas y socioeconómicas.

Conclusiones: La tendencia hacia un incremento de la adiposidad cuanto mejor es la salud familiar y mayor el nivel de educación tiene importantes implicaciones sanitarias para las mujeres balinesas, a medida que éstas continúan su rápida transición desde la agricultura de subsistencia hacia un estilo de vida más ‘occidentalizado’.     

Correction to: Quality use of diagnostic imaging in trauma,and the impact on emergency medical practice—a retrospective clinical audit

Emergency Radiology - A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-021-01926-1