Growth factors effects on the expression of morphological and biochemical properties of avian embryonic sympathetic cells. Emphasis on NGF

Growth factors are known to be important agents in the differentiation and modulation of neuronal phenotypes. We have analyzed the effect of several growth factors on the modulation of morphological and biochemical properties of avian embryonic sympathetic neurons. The growth factors studied include: nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1). Morphological properties were analyzed by immunocytochemistry to neurofilament proteins and visualization of fibers after glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence. Biochemical modulation was determined by radioimmunoanalysis for the peptides enkephalin (ENK), somatostatin (SS) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) and by HPLC-electrochemistry quantification of catecholamines. Similar to previous results using chromaffin cell cultures [R. Ramírez-Ordó?ez, J.E. García-Arrarás, Peptidergic, catecholaminergic and morphological properties of avian chromaffin cells are modulated distinctively by growth factors, Dev. Brain Res., 87 (1995) 160-171], we found a dissociation in the modulation of biochemical and morphological properties, however, the effect of specific factors differed between the chromaffin and sympathetic cultures. We have focused on NGF to analyze its effect on the sympathetic peptide phenotypes and its lack of an effect on the chromaffin cell peptide phenotypes. The results presented here, establish interesting differences between chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons that are of importance to studies of cell lineage and differentiation.     

Changes in the number, proliferation rates, and bcl-2 protein immunoexpression of epithelial and periductal cells from rat epididymis during postnatal development

To investigate 1) the correlation between the proliferative activity of epididymal epithelium plus myoid cells and the increase in the number of these cells and 2) the role of the basal epithelial cells in the renewal of epididymal epithelium, a quantitative evaluation of the proliferation of both epithelial cells and periductal myoid cells in the different epididymal regions (caput, corpus, and cauda) has been carried out during postnatal development of the rat by immunohistochemical evaluation of BrdU-labeling indices. These data were correlated with cell numbers and counted by the optical dissector method. The presence of bcl-2 protein was immunohistochemically detected and evaluated. No significant differences in BrdU indices were observed among epididymal regions in any stage studied. Cell proliferation decreased from the prepubertal period to adulthood in both epithelial and myoid cells in the three regions of the epididymis, suggesting a close relationship between epithelial and mesenchymal components. The numbers of both cell types were significantly higher in the caput than in the corpus and cauda in all stages studied, suggesting functional differences between regions. A negative linear correlation between proliferative activity and cell numbers was noted that might be related to regulation of the cell population size. Basal cells showed a lower proliferation rate than principal cells, but most of the immunoreactive bcl-2 protein, in pubertal and adult epididymides, was observed in basal cells. Therefore, these cells might comprise a low-proliferating and apoptosis-resistant population.     

Giant inguinal scrotal vesical hernia

Presentation of one case of scrotal hernia in a man of 64 years old patient. Diagnosed by cistography and ultrasound and treated by herniorraphy and posterior transuretral litolaplaxy of a vesical litiasis and RTU of prostate. Postoperative urography showed normal vesical morphology.     

Assessment of general practitioners by video observation of communicative and medical performance in daily practice: issues of validity, reliability and feasibility

OBJECTIVES: To develop a video assessment method for General Practitioners (GPs) by analysing issues of validity, reliability and feasibility of observation of videotaped regular consultations. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study consultations of 93 GPs were video recorded in the practice during 1 week. The GPs registered consultation and patient data in a logbook; 16 consultations per GP were selected using preset criteria. The quality of communicative and medical performance of these consultations was assessed by GP observers with a validated instrument. The validity of the procedure was evaluated by checking the content of each GP's sample using specific sample criteria. Selection bias was estimated by multiple regression analysis, with sample characteristics as independent variables and scores on communication and medical performance as dependent variables. The influence of observation on GPs and patients was assessed by a questionnaire. Generalizability theory was used to estimate reliability. Feasibility was assessed by conducting a questionnaire, by keeping accounts, and by checking the technical quality of the videotaped consultations. SETTING: Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: General Practitioners (GPs). RESULTS: The domain of general practice was well covered in the samples; content validity was satisfactory. With regard to the sample characteristics, only the total duration of consultations appeared to correlate significantly with both the score on communication and the score on medical performance. A majority (71%) of GPs reported not being influenced by the observation, except in the first cases, and recognizing their usual daily performance in the videotaped consultations. An acceptable level of reliability was reached after 2.5 hours of observation, i.e. 12 cases by a single observer. The method was well accepted by both GPs and patients. The costs were pound250 per GP. CONCLUSIONS: Video assessment of GPs in daily practice according to the procedures described is a valid and reliable method, one which is useful for education and quality improvement. There is a trade-off between feasibility on one hand and validity, reliability and credibility on the other hand. Compared to investments in observation methods in standardized settings, the costs of video observation of GPs' actual performance are acceptable.     

Cognitive dysfunction in NIDDM: P3 event related evoked potential study

P3 component of the endogenous cerebral evoked response is a sophisticated, objective and quantitative approach to assess higher functions of the brain. This test was employed using auditory 'odd ball' paradigm to assess cognitive functions in thirty non insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) aged 43.6 +/- 9 yrs with poor blood glucose control. (HbAlc. 9.9 +/- 1.0%). The peak latencies of N2, P3 components of event related evoked potentials obtained in these patients were compared with 30 age and sex matched non diabetic healthy controls. Latencies of these potentials were: N2 = 248.0 +/- 36.3, P3 = 391.6 +/- 49.9 msec in NIDDM as compared to 220.6 +/- 26.4, 326.2 +/- 26.8 msec in controls and were highly significant (P < 0.001). The duration of disease, blood glucose level or the physical parameters of height, weight and blood pressure did not show any correlation with N2 or P3 latencies or amplitude. These findings provide an electrophysiological evidence of delayed cognition in poorly controlled NIDDM cases.     

Vasodilatory effect in rat aorta of eriodictyol obtained from Satureja obovata

The vasodilator effect of eriodictyol (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone), isolated previously from the medicinal plant Satureja obovata Lag., was studied in rat thoracic aorta rings. Eriodictyol relaxed in a concentration-dependent manner the noradrenaline (10(-6) M) and KCl (80 mM) induced contractions. The relaxant effect was more potent in noradrenaline precontracted preparations (IC50 = 6.11 +/- 0.2 x 10(-5) M) than in those precontracted with KCl (IC50 = 2.96 +/- 0.1 x 10(-4) M). Eriodictyol produced weakly concentration-dependent inhibition of the phasic component induced by KCl and noradrenaline while the inhibition of the tonic phase of these contractions was more pronounced. These effects were endothelium independent. In addition, eriodictyol (10(-5) and 5 x 10(-5) M) inhibited CaCl2 cumulative concentration response curves. Eriodictyol weakly inhibited the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its contribution to the relaxant effect seems to be slight. We have also observed the relaxant effect of eriodictyol on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (10(-7) M) induced contractions both in normal calcium (IC50 = 4.69 +/- 0.3 x 10(-5) M) and calcium-free medium (IC50 = 3.74 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5) M). Finally we studied the effects on protein kinase C (PKC) activity. This flavonoid did not show any activity. These results suggest that the vasodilator effect of eriodictyol in rat thoracic aorta could be partially related to the inhibition of calcium influx or other enzymatic protein subsequent to activation of PKC related to the activation of contractile proteins like myosin light chain kinase (MLCK).     

The Spanish Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): reliability and concordance with clinical diagnoses in a Hispanic population

OBJECTIVE: The study reports the process of translation into Spanish and adaptation to the Hispanic culture of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Schedule (AUDADIS). This instrument is a structured diagnostic interview schedule specifically developed for the assessment of substance-related disorders and their comorbid disorders and disabilities. METHOD: A random sample (N = 169) of adults from a primary health care clinic in Puerto Rico was selected. The test-retest reliability of the instrument was examined across time and across interviewers, and the validity was assessed by comparing computer-derived diagnoses obtained through the administration of lay interviewers with best estimate diagnoses given by board-certified psychiatrists. RESULTS: For most diagnoses and symptoms studied, as well as for most of the alcohol consumption measures, the test-retest reliability of the Spanish AUDADIS was consistent with results reported in other national and international studies using this instrument. Good to excellent test-retest reliability was obtained for the diagnoses of alcohol dependence and major depression. Similarly, good to excellent agreement was obtained between the lay administered AUDADIS and best estimate diagnoses for most diagnostic categories, with the exception of dysthymia. As in other studies, the reliability and validity of the substance abuse category was poor. When agreement for this category was estimated independent of lifetime dependence, both the reliability and validity coefficients were considerably improved. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish AUDADIS generally demonstrates good to excellent levels of reliability and validity that are comparable to findings reported for this instrument in other national and international studies.     

Semiconductor diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation versus filtering surgery with Mitomycin-C

Both filtering surgery with Mitomycin-C and diode laser cyclophotocoagulation have proved to be effective alternatives in cases of glaucoma with poor surgical prognosis. The right eyes of 40 pigmented rabbits were randomly divided into 2 groups: Mitomycin-C group underwent filtering surgery with application of 0.4 mg/ml of Mitomycin-C whereas the diode laser (DL) group received 15 applications of 1.8 J (1800 mW. 1000 ms) distributed in 270°. Mean IOP showed statistical differences in two periods between days 3–13 and 45–60 — Mann-Whitney U test — with a higher IOP lowering in the DL group. The comparison of IOP survival curves (Log-Rank test) was not significant p = 0.070809. Ocular hypertension, hyphema and inflammatory signs were higher in the DL group, both in short and long term, but in terms of statistical significance only ocular hypertension showed differences p = 0.00011717 - Fisher exact test. Microscopic examination revealed patent sclerostomies in 60% of the MMC group eyes with different grades of fibroblastic proliferation. In the DL group we observed necrosis of the sclieral stroma and of the pigmented and unpigmented ciliary epithelium, with signs of thermal coagulation of the ciliary stroma and of the stromal vasculature. We must point out that the treatment with laser has proved to be more effective although both treatments showed very acceptable IOP lowering until 2 months after the surgery.     

Aesthetic considerations in facial reconstructive surgery: The V-Y flap revisited

The subcutaneous pedicled V-Y advancement flap (also known as the kite flap of Dufourmentel) has been described by many authors. Its versatility in reconstructive surgery is well known, both in facial reconstructive surgery as well as surgery of the trunk and extremities. Its advantages in achieving aesthetic reconstruction in specific facial regions have been less well emphasized in the literature. The flap can be designed within natural facial creases and heals inconspicuously because of its widely based subcutaneous or muscle pedicle which incorporates venous and lymphatic drainage over most of its length. The undesirable biscuiting or flap edema frequently observed with other conventional transposition flaps is avoided. We have found the V-Y flap particularly useful in reconstructing the lower eyelid/medial canthus, supra-alar, and nasolabial regions. Our experience with over 40 such flaps is described, and technical considerations in designing and elevating the flap are discussed.     

Pressure changes in the pneumoballoon of several endotracheal tubes after the administration of nitrous oxide]

We compare the degree of nitrous oxide diffusion in three types of endotracheal tubes available in the market, by means of continuous monitoring of the pressure attained at the pneumoballoon. Among the systems designed to impede or to minimize nitrous oxide diffusion, we have used in this study the so called "rediffusion system". When the endotracheal tube possesses this system, the pressure attained at the pneumoballoon remained constant throughout the study period (23.2 +/- 0.53 mmHg at time zero vs 24.2 +/- 0.66 mmHg 50 min after administration of protoxide). In contrast, endotracheal tubes without "rediffusion system" showed a statistically significant increase (p less than 0.05) of pneumoballoon pressure (25.2 +/- 2.43 mmHg and 26.7 +/- 1.01 mmHg at time zero vs 45.2 +/- 3.12 and 44.3 +/- 2.41 mmHg 50 min after protoxide administration in the two other types of endotracheal tubes). We believe that during anesthesia with nitrous oxide the pneumoballoon pressure should be monitored or systems that avoid diffusion of this inhalational agent should be inserted. Our results indicate that endotracheal tubes equiped with "rediffusion system" are effective in impeding diffusion of the inhalational agents.