Histological and Genotoxic Biomarkers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Prochilodus lacustris</Emphasis> (Pisces,Prochilodontidae) for Environmental Assessment in a Protected Area in the Northeast of Brazil

The quality of aquatic environments all around the world is being altered by different human activities that represent direct threat to the ecological system and the aquatic biota. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of histological and genotoxic alterations in Prochilodus lacustris as indicators of anthropic impacts in a lacustrine environment in northeast Brazil. The histological alterations were evaluated using the histological alteration index, and the genotoxic alterations were detected using the micronuclei test, at three sampling stations (S1, S2 and S3). The gills presented lesions with three stages of severity, with mild lesions more frequent in the specimens collected at station S1. Mild hepatic tissue lesions were the most frequent type in both areas. Micronucleus analysis showed that station S3 was the most affected. The biological responses observed indicated that the fish are under influence of environmental changes. It is important to highlight that the organisms collected at station S3 had a more compromised health status.     

Leiomyomatous hamartoma of the incisive papilla

A case of unusual hamartoma in a six-year-old otherwise healthy Brazilian girl is reported, with emphasis on histological and immunohistochemical features. A mass observed in the incisive papilla was detected whose appearance was similar to congenital epulis or fibroma. Histological findings showed interlacing fascicles of large spindle cells resembling smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemical staining for desmin and for smooth-muscle actin was positive. The histological diagnosis was leiomyomatous hamartoma, based on clinical and microscopic observations.     

Evaluation of mandibular range of motion in Brazilian children and its correlation to age, height, weight, and gender

This study aimed to measure the active mandibular range of motion (ROM) (mouth opening: MO; right and left lateral movements: RL and LL; protrusion: P) in Brazilian children of both genders and of various ages, weights, and heights, and to establish correlations among such variables. Study subjects (n = 303) were healthy boys and girls, with ages ranging between 6 and 14 years, who were regular students of a public school in the state of S?o Paulo. Analysis of variance and intra-class correlation coefficients were considered significant for p < 0.05. Weak significant correlations were observed between mandibular ROM and age, height, and weight. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed regarding mandibular ROM between gender groups. Mean mandibular ROM values showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in relation to age, height, and weight, except for RL (p > 0.05), in the studied age range. Significantly smaller (p < 0.05) mean mandibular ROM values were observed for the intervals of 6 and 7 years of age, 1.15-1.35 m, and 17.30-26.50 kg, in relation to the other ranges. Nonetheless, no differences were observed among mean mandibular ROM values in the ranges 8 to 12-14 years, 1.36-1.75 m, and 47-85 kg. Thus, it is suggested that weight, height, and age variables be considered when obtaining mandibular ROM values, particularly in children aged 6 to 7 years, measuring 1.15-1.35 m, and weighing between 17.3-46.5 kg.     

Evaporating solvents with a warm air-stream: effects on adhesive layer properties and resin-dentin bond strengths

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of a warm or cold air-dry stream for solvent evaporation on the microtensile resin-dentin bond strength (muTBS), nanoleakage pattern (SEM), degree of conversion (DC) and solvent evaporation rates (SE) of an ethanol/water- (Adper Single Bond, [SB] 3MESPE) and an acetone-based (Prime & Bond 2.1, [PB] Dentsply), two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adhesives were applied on demineralized dentin surfaces. For SE, a warm or cold air-dry stream (10 s) was applied prior to light-activation (10 s). Bonded sticks (0.8mm2) were tested in tension (0.5 mm/min). Two bonded sticks from each tooth were immersed in a 50% (w/v) solution of silver nitrate (24 h), photodeveloped (8 h) and analyzed by SEM. The DC and solvent evaporation rate of the adhesives were evaluated under FTIR and analytical balance, respectively. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Higher muTBS and lower nanoleakage were observed when the SE step was performed with warm air-dry stream. However, the DC of the adhesives was not altered by the use of a warm air-dry. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a warm air-dry stream seems to be a clinical tool to improve the bond strength and the quality of the hybrid layer (less nanoleakage infiltration), since it might reduce the number of pores within the adhesive layer.     

Multiple hyperdontia: Report of an unusual case

Supernumerary teeth are an infrequent developmental anomaly that can appear in any area of the dental arch and can affect any dental organ. Multiple supernumerary teeth, or hyperdontia, is rare in people with no other associated diseases or syndromes. Conditions commonly associated with hyperdontia include cleft lip and palate, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, and Gardner's syndrome. A black girl, aged 11 years 8 months, came for consultation; radiographs showed 81 teeth: 18 deciduous, 32 permanent, and 31 supernumerary. The main concern initially was to determine whether she was syndromic, and she was referred to a geneticist. G banding analysis showed pericentric inversion of chromosome 9; the chromosome formula was 46, XX, inv (9) (p13q21). Orthodontic treatment for this patient will be a clinical challenge because of the great number of teeth to be extracted and the alterations in the shapes of the teeth. Treatment goals should be established by a multidisciplinary team, where oral surgeon, orthodontist, periodontist, and prosthodontist come together to solve a medical and dental puzzle, eliminating the pieces that do not fit and searching for new ones to obtain an occlusion that will give the patient physiologic conditions of normality and esthetic satisfaction.     

Effect of two routes of administration of dexamethasone on pain, edema, and trismus in impacted lower third molar surgery

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to compare pain, edema, and trismus in the postoperative period following third molar surgery using 8?mg of dexamethasone administered either orally or through local injection.

Methods

A prospective, controlled, randomized trial was carried out involving 60 lower third molar surgeries in 67 patients between October 2008 and June 2009. The sample was randomly divided into three groups: group A (local injection), group B (tablets), and group C (control). In all cases, either ostectomy or crown sectioning was employed. On the second and seventh day following surgery, linear edema was determined using facial landmarks, and maximal mouth opening measurements were performed. Postoperative pain was recorded using a visual analog scale.

Results

Patient age ranged from 14 to 37?years (mean, 21.0?years). With regard to pain, edema, and trismus, the two administration routes tested (local injection and tablets) demonstrated similar efficacy, and both methods achieved better results in comparison to the control group.

Conclusion

Both the oral administration and local injection of dexamethasone proved effective in reducing pain, edema, and trismus compared to control group following lower third molar surgeries, achieving similar results.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the oral cavity and head and neck region

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of submucous nodules from the oral cavity and head and neck region as an auxiliary diagnostic tool. Fifty patients with nodule lesions in the oral cavity and the head and neck region were selected. All of them were submitted to FNAB and to either incisional or excisional biopsy. The diagnoses from the FNABs were compared with the biopsy diagnosis as the gold standard. All the cases of FNAB were analyzed by a single oral pathologist prior to the biopsy diagnosis. The results showed that the sensitivity of FNAB was 75%, its specificity was 96% and its accuracy was 58.8%. The false positive and false negative rates were 6.7% and 13.3%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 86% and the negative predictive value was 93%. The inconclusive rate was 16/50. FNAB displayed a high success rate for identifying both malignant and benign lesions, but a low accuracy for making a final diagnosis.     

Effect of the adhesive application mode and fiber post translucency on the push-out bond strength to dentin

This study evaluated the effect of the adhesive application mode and fiber post translucency on the push-out bond strength to dentin. Bovine roots were endodontically treated, and 10 roots were used for each adhesive application mode: PB (Prime&Bond 2.1), PB + SC (Self-cure activator), PB + SBM (Scotchbond Multi-purpose adhesive system), BB (Brush&Bond), BB + CAT (chemical catalyst), and BB + SBM. The translucent Light-Post and Aestheti-Post were cemented. The roots/cemented posts were transversally sectioned to originate three thirds (cervical, middle, and apical). The push-out test was performed, and the failure mode of fractured specimens was analyzed. There was no difference between the fiber posts. For PB and BB, the use of hydrophobic adhesive resin SBM increased post bond strength. The use of SC and CAT catalyst did not affect the push-out bond strength values. The apical third presented the lowest bond strengths.     

Accuracy of three electronic apex locators in the presence of different irrigating solutions

The present study compared the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) - Elements Diagnostic?, Root ZX? and Apex DSP? - in the presence of different irrigating solutions (0.9% saline solution and 1% sodium hypochlorite). The electronic measurements were carried out by three examiners, using twenty extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors. A size 10 K file was introduced into the root canals until reaching the 0.0 mark, and was subsequently retracted to the 1.0 mark. The gold standard (GS) measurement was obtained by combining visual and radiographic methods, and was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Electronic length values closer to the GS (± 0.5 mm) were considered as accurate measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to verify inter-examiner agreement. The comparison among the EALs was performed using the McNemar and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The ICCs were generally high, ranging from 0.8859 to 0.9657. Similar results were observed for the percentage of electronic measurements closer to the GS obtained with the Elements Diagnostic? and the Root ZX? EALs (p > 0.05), independent of the irrigating solutions used. The measurements taken with these two EALs were more accurate than those taken with Apex DSP?, regardless of the irrigating solution used (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Elements Diagnostic? and Root ZX? apex locators are able to locate the cementum-dentine junction more precisely than Apex DSP?. The presence of irrigating solutions does not interfere with the performance of the EALs.