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A new pharmacologic agent, anti-CD3F(ab')2-ricin toxin A chain (RTA), was synthesized for the purpose of targeting T cells and as a means of treating established graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The Fc region of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was removed to prevent its ability to activate T cells. The resulting F(ab')2 fragments were conjugated to deglycosylated RTA (dgRTA), a catalytic and potent phytotoxin. The resulting immunotoxin (IT) was potent (greater than 95% inhibition) and selective in inhibiting T-cell mitogenesis in vitro. In vivo, the IT depleted 80% of T cells in mice receiving bone marrow (BM) transplants. Transplantation in an aggressive acute GVHD model using C57BL/6 donor cells and H-2 disparate B10.BR recipients resulted in an infiltration of CD3-expressing cells and a median survival time (MST) of 20 to 30 days. A 5-day course of anti-CD3F(ab')2-RTA (30 micrograms/d intraperitoneally) beginning 7 days after GVHD induction was beneficial in treating established GVHD in these mice, as evidenced by significantly prolonged survival (MST, greater than 80 days), superior mean weight values, and improved clinical appearance. Neither intact anti-CD3, unconjugated anti-CD3 F(ab')2 fragments, nor a mixture of anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 MoAbs (which are highly effective in prophylactic models) were as effective. F(ab')2 fragments made from anti-Lyt-1 (the murine homologue of human anti-CD5) linked to RTA were also not effective, despite the fact that both anti-CD3F(ab')2-RTA and anti-Lyt- 1F(ab')2-RTA had similar half-lives of about 9 hours. The IT also increased MST in two aggressive models of GVHD across non-H-2 minor histocompatibility barriers, indicating that the usefulness of anti- CD3F(ab')2-dgRTA is not limited to a single-strain combination. This agent should be further investigated as an alternative to current strategies for treating steroid refractory GVHD. 相似文献
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Nunn A Dickman S Cornwall A Rosengard C Kwakwa H Kim D James G Mayer KH 《AIDS care》2011,23(11):1392-1399
African Americans face disproportionately higher risks of HIV infection. Concurrent sexual relationships, or sexual partnerships that overlap in time, are more common among African Americans than individuals of other races and may contribute to racial disparities in HIV infection. However, little is known about attitudes, norms and practices among individuals engaged in concurrent partnerships. Little is also known about the processes through which structural, behavioral, and social factors influence concurrent sexual relationships. We recruited 24 heterosexual African American men involved in concurrent sexual relationships from a public health clinic in Philadelphia. We conducted in-depth interviews exploring these men's sexual practices; social norms and individual attitudes about concurrency; perceived sexual health risks with main and non-main partners; and the social, structural, and behavioral factors contributing to concurrent sexual relationships. Twenty-two men reported having one main and one or more non-main partners; two reported having no main partners. Respondents generally perceived sexual relationships with non-main partners as riskier than relationships with main partners and used condoms far less frequently with main than non-main partners. Most participants commented that it is acceptable and often expected for men and women to engage in concurrent sexual relationships. Social factors influencing participants' concurrent partnerships included being unmarried and trusting neither main nor non-main partners. Structural factors influencing concurrent partnerships included economic dependence on one or more women, incarceration, unstable housing, and unemployment. Several men commented that individual behavioral factors such as alcohol and cocaine use contributed to their concurrent sexual partnerships. Future research and interventions related to sexual concurrency should address social and structural factors in addition to conventional HIV risk-taking behaviors. 相似文献
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GHADA BEAINO BABAK KHOSHNOOD MONIQUE KAMINSKI VÉRONIQUE PIERRAT STÉPHANE MARRET JACQUELINE MATIS BERNARD LEDÉSERT GÉRARD THIRIEZ JEANNE FRESSON JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE ROZÉ VÉRONIQUE ZUPAN‐SIMUNEK CATHERINE ARNAUD ANTOINE BURGUET BÉATRICE LARROQUE GÉRARD BRÉART PIERRE‐YVES ANCEL for the EPIPAGE Study Group 《Developmental medicine and child neurology》2010,52(6):e119-e125
Aim The aim of this study was to assess the independent role of cerebral lesions on ultrasound scan, and several other neonatal and obstetric factors, as potential predictors of cerebral palsy (CP) in a large population‐based cohort of very preterm infants. Method As part of EPIPAGE, a population‐based prospective cohort study, perinatal data and outcome at 5 years of age were recorded for 1812 infants born before 33 weeks of gestation in nine regions of France in 1997. Results The study group comprised 942 males (52%) and 870 females with a mean gestational age of 30 weeks (SD 2wks; range 24–32wks) and a mean birthweight of 1367g (SD 393g; range 450–2645g). CP was diagnosed at 5 years of age in 159 infants (prevalence 9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7–10%), 97 males and 62 females, with a mean gestational age of 29 weeks (SD 2wks; range 24–32wks) and a mean birthweight of 1305g (SD 386g; range 500–2480g). Among this group, 67% walked without aid, 14% walked with aid, and 19% were unable to walk. Spastic, ataxic, and dyskinetic CP accounted for 89%, 7%, and 4% of cases respectively. The prevalence of CP was 61% among infants with cystic periventricular leukomalacia, 50% in infants with intraparenchymal haemorrhage, 8% in infants with grade I intraventricular haemorrhage, and 4% in infants without a detectable cerebral lesion. After controlling for cerebral lesions and obstetric and neonatal factors, only male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.52; 95% CI 1.03–2.25) and preterm premature rupture of membranes or preterm labour (OR 1.72; 95% CI 0.95–3.14) were predictors of the development of CP in very preterm infants. Interpretation Cerebral lesions were the most important predictor of CP in very preterm infants. In addition, infant sex and preterm premature rupture of membranes or preterm labour were also independent predictors of CP. 相似文献
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Naiyana Gujral Hugh J Freeman Alan BR Thomson 《World journal of gastroenterology : WJG》2012,18(42):6036-6059
Celiac disease(CD) is one of the most common diseases,resulting from both environmental(gluten) and genetic factors [human leukocyte antigen(HLA) and nonHLA genes].The prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5%-1% in different parts of the world.However,the population with diabetes,autoimmune disorder or relatives of CD individuals have even higher risk for the development of CD,at least in part,because of shared HLA typing.Gliadin gains access to the basal surface of the epithelium,and interact directly with the immune system,via both trans-and para-cellular routes.From a diagnostic perspective,symptoms may be viewed as either "typical" or "atypical".In both positive serological screening results suggestive of CD,should lead to small bowel biopsy followed by a favourable clinical and serological response to the gluten-free diet(GFD) to confirm the diagnosis.Positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody or antiendomysial antibody during the clinical course helps to confirm the diagnosis of CD because of their over 99% specificities when small bowel villous atrophy is present on biopsy.Currently,the only treatment available for CD individuals is a strict life-long GFD.A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of CD allows alternative future CD treatments to hydrolyse toxic gliadin peptide,prevent toxic gliadin peptide absorption,blockage of selective deamidation of specific glutamine residues by tissue,restore immune tolerance towards gluten,modulation of immune response to dietary gliadin,and restoration of intestinal architecture. 相似文献
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Ueric Jos Borges de Souza Raíssa Nunes dos Santos Fabrício Souza Campos Karine Lima Loureno Flavio Guimares da Fonseca Fernando Rosado Spilki Corona-mica.BR/MCTI Network 《Viruses》2021,13(9)
Brazil was considered one of the emerging epicenters of the coronavirus pandemic in 2021, experiencing over 3000 daily deaths caused by the virus at the peak of the second wave. In total, the country had more than 20.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 582,764 fatalities. A set of emerging variants arose in the country, some of them posing new challenges for COVID-19 control. The goal of this study was to describe mutational events across samples from Brazilian SARS-CoV-2 sequences publicly obtainable on Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data-EpiCoV (GISAID-EpiCoV) platform and to generate indexes of new mutations by each genome. A total of 16,953 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were obtained, which were not proportionally representative of the five Brazilian geographical regions. A comparative sequence analysis was conducted to identify common mutations located at 42 positions of the genome (38 were in coding regions, whereas two were in 5′ and two in 3′ UTR). Moreover, 11 were synonymous variants, 27 were missense variants, and more than 44.4% were located in the spike gene. Across the total of single nucleotide variations (SNVs) identified, 32 were found in genomes obtained from all five Brazilian regions. While a high genomic diversity has been reported in Europe given the large number of sequenced genomes, Africa has demonstrated high potential for new variants. In South America, Brazil, and Chile, rates have been similar to those found in South Africa and India, providing enough “space” for new mutations to arise. Genomic surveillance is the central key to identifying the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil and has shown that the country is one of the “hotspots” in the generation of new variants. 相似文献