Short-term effects of a progestational contraceptive drug on food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body weight in young women

BACKGROUND: Studies showed that hormonal fluctuations that occur over the human menstrual cycle affect energy intake and expenditure. However, little is known about the possible effects on body weight regulation that may arise when these cyclic changes are suppressed with hormonal contraceptives. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine how a progestational contraceptive drug (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) affects food intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), and body weight in young women. DESIGN: Twenty normal-weight women were tested in a single-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. Body weight, REE, and 3-d food intake (food provided) were measured in the follicular and luteal phases of 2 menstrual cycles before a single injection of depot medroxyprogesterone or saline solution was administered. Measurements were also taken 4 times after injection: in the luteal and follicular phases of 2 cycles in the placebo group and 2 wk apart (to mimic timing of the menstrual phases) in the drug group. RESULTS: Before injection, the phase of the menstrual cycle affected both energy intake and REE. The study participants consumed more energy (4.3%; P = 0.02) and expended more energy at rest (4.3%; P = 0.0002) in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. Comparison of pre- and postinjection means showed that treatment with the contraceptive drug had no significant effects on energy intake, REE, or body weight. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that, although phases of the menstrual cycle affected energy intake and REE, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate did not alter energy intake or expenditure or cause weight gain in young women.     

Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults

BACKGROUND: Laboratory-based investigations indicate that the consumption of foods with a low energy density (kcal/g) decreases energy intake. Although low-energy-dense diets are recommended for weight management, relations between energy density, energy intake, and weight status have not been clearly shown in free-living persons. OBJECTIVES: A representative US sample was used to determine whether dietary energy density is associated with energy intake, the weight of food consumed, and body weight and to explore the influence of food choices (fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption) on energy density and body weight. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of adults (n = 7356) from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and two 24-h dietary recalls were used. RESULTS: Men and women with a low-energy-dense diet had lower energy intakes (approximately 425 and 275 kcal/d less, respectively) than did those with a high-energy-dense diet, even though they consumed more food (approximately 400 and 300 g/d more, respectively). Normal-weight persons had diets with a lower energy density than did obese persons. Persons with a high fruit and vegetable intake had the lowest energy density values and the lowest obesity prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Adults consuming a low-energy-dense diet are likely to consume more food (by weight) but to have a lower energy intake than do those consuming a higher-energy-dense diet. The energy density of a variety of dietary patterns, including higher-fat diets, can be lowered by adding fruit and vegetables. Our findings support the hypothesis that a relation exists between the consumption of an energy-dense diet and obesity and provide evidence of the importance of fruit and vegetable consumption for weight management.     

金翼黄芪甙A的化学结构和绵毛黄芪甙ⅩⅤ及7,2′-二羟基-3′,4′二甲氧基异黄烷-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙二维核磁共振谱的研究

从金翼黄芪中分离出金翼黄芪甙A(Ⅰ),绵毛黄芪甙XV (Ⅱ),7,2′-二羟基-3′,4′-二甲氧基异黄烷-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙(Ⅲ),大豆皂甙Ⅰ,胡萝卜甙及β-谷甾醇。Ⅰ为新化合物,确定其结构为3-O-[α[-L-鼠李吡喃糖基(1→2)-D-木吡喃糖基]-环黄芪醇。并应用二维核磁共振相关谱对Ⅱ和Ⅲ的~1H和~(13)C化学位移信号进行了全面归属。     

Quality of life (QOL) assessment of MIP (mitomycin, ifosfamide and cisplatin) chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC)

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QOL) assessment has emerged to measure and quantify the balance between treatment benefit and toxicity, and has a value in predicting response and overall survival in cancer patients. METHODS: From July 1995 to February 1997, 38 symptomatic patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with MIP chemotherapy (mitomycin 6 mg/m2, ifosfamide 3000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks). Patients were assessed for QOL including physical well-being, general symptoms and lung cancer-specific symptoms, as well as objective response. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 38.9% (14/36, all were partial response) and the median duration of response was 3.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-4.0]. The median duration of overall survival was 7 months (95% CI 5.9-8.5). The overall improvement of QOL was 58.3% with 21 patients feeling better on treatment. The toxicity of chemotherapy was mild, mainly nausea/vomiting and minimal alopecia. Using multiple clinical predictors of survival (age, histology, stage, performance status), only change of QOL emerged significantly (P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: MIP had an endurable response and low toxicity profile, and provided good QOL. Integral QOL data in our study provided the strong prediction of survival in advanced NSCLC. Further experienced QOL study will provide greatly enhanced outcome data in clinical trials.      

Temporomandibular joint arthrography following surgical treatment of internal derangements

Arthrograms of the temporomandibular joint were obtained in 20 symptomatic joints that had previous reconstructive arthroplasty with disk repositioning because of internal derangements. Preoperative arthrograms were available for comparison in 18 joints. Symptoms resulting in a postoperative arthrogram included pain, limited ability to open the mouth, and clicking of the joints. Postoperative arthrographic findings included limited anterior translation of the condyle (90%), irregularity in outline of the intraarticular contrast agent (60%), a conical configuration of the posterior recess (25%), decreased size of the joint (28%), anterior displacement of the meniscus (25%), and perforated meniscus (15%). Many of these findings may have resulted from fibrosis and scarring, which may be a response to intraarticular bleeding. The mechanism by which the fibrosis causes the postsurgical arthrographic features is discussed.     

Functional subdivisions of the temporal lobe neocortex

In order to gather evidence on functional subdivisions of the temporal lobe neocortex of the primate, the activity of more than 2600 single neurons was recorded in 10 myelo- and cytoarchitecturally defined subdivisions of the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and inferior temporal gyrus of the anterior part of the temporal lobe of 5 hemispheres of 3 macaque monkeys. First, convergence of different modalities into each area was investigated. Areas TS and TAa, in the upper part of this region, were found to receive visual as well as auditory inputs. Areas TPO, PGa, and IPa, in the depths of the STS, received visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. Areas TEa, TEm, TE3, TE2, and TE1, which extend from the ventral bank of the STS through the inferior temporal gyrus, were primarily unimodal visual areas. Second, of the cells with visual responses, it was found that some neurons in areas TS-IPa could be activated only by moving visual stimuli, whereas the great majority of neurons in areas TEa-TE1 could be activated by stationary visual stimuli. Third, it was found that there were few sharply discriminating visual neurons in areas TS and TAa; of the sharply discriminating visual neurons in other areas, however, neurons that responded primarily to faces were found predominantly in areas TPO, TEa, and TEm (in which they represented 20% of the neurons with visual responses); neurons that were tuned to relatively simple visual stimuli such as sine-wave gratings, color, or simple shapes were relatively common in areas TEa, TEm, and TE3; and neurons that responded only to complex visual stimuli were common in areas IPa, TEa, TEm, and TE3. These findings show inter alia that areas TPO, PGa, and IPa are multimodal, that the inferior temporal gyrus areas are primarily unimodal, that there are areas in the cortex in the anterior and dorsal part of the STS that are specialized for the analysis of moving visual stimuli, that neurons responsive primarily to faces are found predominantly in areas TPO, TEa, and TEm, and that architectural subdivisions of the temporal lobe cortex are related to neuronal response properties.     

Suction–curettage with combination of two different cannulae in the treatment of axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis

Objective  To investigate the efficacy and safety of suction–curettage with a combination of two different cannulae for treatment of axillary osmidrosis and hyperhidrosis.
Design  Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgery from September 2004 to September 2006.
Setting  Outpatient clinic for hyperhidrosis at a university-affiliated hospital.
Subjects  Sixty-five patients who were treated for axillary malodor and hyperhidrosis.
Interventions  Patients were sequentially treated with Fatemi and Cassio cannulae.
Main outcome measures  Demographic data, severity data (assessment of malodor), degree of satisfaction, sweating, hair growth, scarring, recurrence and complications.
Results  Sixty of the 65 patients (96.9%) had excellent to fair results, and only 2 patients (3.1%) had poor results. Complications occurred in 4 patients (6.2%). Recurrence occurred in 3 patients (4.6%).
Conclusions  This simplified and inexpensive method resulted in a high success rate with low complications and high satisfaction with minimal scarring and rapid recovery.     

Sensory-specific satiety: Food-specific reduction in responsiveness of ventral forebrain neurons after feeding in the monkey

It has been shown previously that some neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia innominata respond to the sight of food, others to the taste of food, and others to the sight or taste of food, in the hungry monkey. It is shown here that feeding to satiety decreases the responses of hypothalamic neurons to the sight and/or taste of a food on which the monkey has been satiated, but leaves the responses of the same neurons to other foods on which the monkey has not been satiated relatively unchanged. This suggests that the responses of these neurons in the ventral forebrain are related to sensory-specific satiety, an important phenomenon which regulates food intake. In sensory-specific satiety, the pleasantness of the sight or taste of a food becomes less after it is eaten to satiety, whereas the pleasantness of the sight or taste of other foods which have not been eaten is much less changed; correspondingly, food intake is greater if foods which have not already been eaten to satiety are offered.