Sensory blockade for difficult passage of transesophageal echocardiography probes.

During transesophageal echocardiography probe passage, airway reflexes are usually obtunded with topical local anesthetics. This technique meets with varying degrees of success. Even partially intact airway reflexes result in coughing, retching, and withdrawal, which may prevent transesophageal echocardiography examination or predispose to life-threatening tachycardia and hypertension. Proper preparation of the patient enhances comfort and helps protect against tachycardia and hypertension as well as reducing the time required for examination. This article outlines specific monitoring issues and offers precautions that are critical to transesophageal echocardiography probe passage. It suggests a premedication regimen and describes methods of sedation. Furthermore, it outlines the afferent innervation of the upper airway and specific techniques of temporary reflex interruption.     

Endobronchial HIV associated lymphoma.

A 27 year old HIV infected man presented with two days of haemoptysis. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed a large carinal mass partially obstructing the left and right main stem bronchi. Rigid bronchoscopy was required to make the diagnosis of large cell immunoblastic lymphoma.     

A Bayesian approach to aid in formulary decision making: incorporating institution-specific cost-effectiveness data with clinical trial results.

Pharmacy and therapeutics committees commonly cite a lack of generalizability as a reason for not incorporating cost-effectiveness information into decision making. To address this concern, many committees undertake site-specific economic evaluations, which are often limited by small sample sizes and nonrandomized designs. We show how 2 complementary approaches were used to minimize these limitations in an economic evaluation of abciximab at 1 institution. Using a propensity score methodology, we selected patients who did not receive abciximab for the comparison cohort. Then, we adopted a Bayesian, hierarchical, random-effects model to integrate site-specific and clinical trial data. We applied the posterior distributions of effectiveness with local cost data in a traditional decision-analytic model. In 74% of the simulations, abciximab was cost-effective at 1 institution at the $50,000 per life year saved threshold, assuming a 50:50 split of patients undergoing coronary stenting and angioplasty. Among patients undergoing coronary stenting, the cost-effectiveness ratio of the addition of abciximab was at or below the $50,000 per life year saved threshold in 66.0% of the simulations.     

Family History of Alcoholism Does Not Predict Neuropsychological Performance in Alcoholics

We examined the relationship of history of alcoholism in first-degree relatives to neuropsychological performance of alcoholics abstinent from several weeks to several years. Eighty-four men were assigned to four groups based on "strength" of family history of alcoholism. The groups were: (1) "strong history," a parent plus another first-degree relative positive; (2) "moderate," parent only positive; (3) "weak," nonparent first-degree relative only positive; and (4) "negative," no first-degree relative positive. There were no significant between-group differences in NP performance. In other analyses there were no NP differences between alcoholics classified positive or negative purely on basis of paternal alcoholism, and no differences between subjects who had multigenerational versus unigenerational versus negative familial histories of alcoholism. It is concluded that genetic loading for alcoholism does not significantly affect the NP status of abstinent alcoholic groups equated for education, drinking history, and medical risk.     

Analog language teaching versus natural language teaching: Generalization and retention of language learning for adults with autism and mental retardation

Examined the effects of two instructional methods on language generalization and longterm retention in 23 adults with autism and severe to profound mental retardation. Analog language teaching employed discrete trials in a controlled setting concentrating on discrimination and identification of materials. Natural language teaching emphasized instruction through interactions that occurred incidentally to training students in the use of materials to perform functional tasks. Assessments were conducted under conditions favoring analog teaching to assure against partiality toward natural language teaching. Under such disadvantageous conditions, the methods of natural language teaching would be supported by results showing either no difference or an advantage in their favor. Both techniques increased initial and long-term generalization though the results suggest no relative superiority for either method under these assessment conditions. A significant interaction was found between prior functioning level and sequence of instruction. Because natural language teaching has many strengths, few drawbacks, and produces equal generalization and retention under disadvantageous conditions, it is strongly supported as preferable for people with autism and mental retardation.The authors acknowledge the important assistance provided by the following people: the staff and management of the Behavior Development and Learning Center at CSH/DC directed by Israel Perel, Lisa Kramer, Steve Hafferkamp, James Lowdermilk, and, finally, and especially, to the participants themselves.     

The effect of endurance training on serum triiodothyronine kinetics in man: physical conditioning marked by enhanced thyroid hormone metabolism.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the relationship between endurance training, aerobic capacity, and T3 metabolism in healthy euthyroid men. DESIGN: T3 kinetic studies performed on two groups of subjects differentiated on the basis of physical activity status and aerobic capacity. SUBJECTS: Five endurance-trained athletes and five sedentary controls (mean +/- SD VO2 max = 48.2 +/- 7.1 vs 23.2 +/- 4.5 ml/kg/min, respectively) matched for age, body surface area, lean body mass, and baseline thyroid function. MEASUREMENTS: Kinetic analysis performed using serial serum T3 levels measured following oral T3 administration. Metabolic clearance rate, total volume of distribution, disposal rate, and total body pool calculated using non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: When normalized for lean body mass, all kinetic parameters were 25-38% greater in the athletic group compared to controls (P < 0.05). Total volume of distribution, disposal rate, and total body pool were positively correlated with aerobic capacity (r = +0.69 to +0.79; P < 0.05). Metabolic clearance rate was positively correlated to a non-significant degree. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the findings of prior studies that thyroid hormone metabolism is altered by physical conditioning. In addition, we demonstrated a positive correlation between aerobic capacity and several parameters of T3 kinetics. Differences in absolute lean body mass cannot explain these findings; rather it appears that there is something qualitatively different in the way endurance-trained tissue processes thyroid hormone, compared to untrained tissue. The study was not designed to elucidate these differences at the cellular level; however, it does support a link between muscle physiology and T3 activity and may suggest a physiological role for thyroid hormone in physical conditioning.     

Providing a quality service in the recovery room: setting up a standard setting group.

At the time of writing, January 1992, we are in the very early stages of setting up a standard setting group, and as such this article reflects our current thinking on why it is desirable, perhaps even necessary to do this and how we envisage assuring quality care for our patients in the recovery room.     

Hypothesis: association of the critical region of trisomy 18 and 18q2—syndrome with dermatoglyphic findings and a growth suppressor (deleted in colon cancer) locus

Evidence from the literature is reviewed to suggest that when fingertip dermal ridge patterns in chromosomal deletion syndromes are characteristic of the opposite spectrum of the developmental scale from patterns found in cases trisomic for the same chromosomal region, the association may be a consequence of loci with growth regulatory functions. Evidence is presented that DNA markers at 18q21 should be the first candidate sequences to be used to test this hypothesis in families with fingertip arches segregating in an apparent autosomal dominant fashion.     

Coffee, caffeine, and serum cholesterol in Japanese men in Hawaii

The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol was investigated in a cohort of 5,858 Japanese males born in 1900-1919 and living in Hawaii in 1965 who are currently followed by the Honolulu Heart Program. Data on coffee consumption, other dietary variables from a 24-hour dietary recall, and other potentially confounding variables collected in 1965 were correlated with serum cholesterol at that examination and at examination six years later. The mean coffee and tea consumption was 3.4 and 1.8 cups/day, respectively. Those consuming no coffee had a mean serum cholesterol of 210 mg/dl, while that of those drinking 9+ cups/day was 220 mg/dl (no such relationship was apparent with tea or cola). The relationship of coffee consumption and serum cholesterol with potentially confounding variables including body mass index, cigarette smoking, diastolic blood pressure, alcohol consumption, physical activity index, serum glucose, serum uric acid, education, age, and fat consumption was examined. When these variables were entered into a multiple regression equation with coffee consumption, a significant relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol (p less than 0.001) persisted, as did that between baseline coffee consumption and serum cholesterol six years later (p less than 0.001). There was no significant relationship between tea or cola, the other major caffeine contributors to the diet, and baseline serum cholesterol. Thus, this analysis indicates a significant positive relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol which is not present with other sources of caffeine.