Vector control through environmental management with special reference to India--approach prospectives

The introduction of different types of pollutants like those from industrial effluence, bye-products from petro-chemical industries, pesticidal application, wastages of nuclear power industries, etc. is viewed seriously by the society. For the control of vectors of disease the adoption of environmental management is, therefore, imperative. The physical methods like drainage of excess and waste water, making water unsuitable for vector breeding by adopting various indigenous methods in vogue, the intra and inter-sectrol coordination and community based activities are identified as the basic approaches for achieving this goal. Minimising the potentiality of vector breeding through source reduction and water management is thought to be the simplest, cheapest and most permanent method. For the society having varying types of habitation and varying degree of habitational facilities like planned housing, water supply and disposal, sanitation and organized anti-vector measures, the adoption of environmental management to exercise check over vector population is a promising proposition. The suitability of such an approach has already been demonstrated by MRC, (ICMR), Delhi and V.C.R.C., Pondicherry. The implementation of these methods is to be initiated right from Primary Health Centre and district level onwards and community is to be motivated to the extent that the various methods of environmental management for vector control are adopted in the routine way of life. In the present article these ideas have been touched upon and various methods of environmental management described in brief. In addition what other Governmental agencies are required to do in order to effectively implement environmental management methods are briefly enlisted.     

Mandibular fracture not shown by axial computed tomography: Benefit of computed reformation

A 36-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after being assaulted. A mandible series showed a nondisplaced fracture through the angle of the mandible extending through the left third molar tooth. Axial slices from a nonhelical computed tomographic (CT) examination of the head as well as a helical CT examination of the mandible failed to demonstrate the fracture. The fracture was well shown, however, on sagittal CT reformations. Although CT is generally regarded as more sensitive than plain radiography for the detection of fractures, fractures may be overlooked by CT if examination in only one plane is performed.     

A critical analysis of attenuation effects of different types of ear protective devices

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the noise attenuation characteristics of different types of Ear protective Devices which are commonly used. 20 healthy normal subjects’ open and closed hearing thresholds (with the usage of ear protective device) were recorded in an anechoic chamber and the attenuation charactaristics at 8 discrete frequencies were analysed and compared. Though the attenuation given by different types of ear protective devices are variable and not the ideal, still the present generation of devices have shown satisfactory attenuation characteristics, It is important that proper selection, fitment and usage of these devices should he carefully thought of prior to its usage.     

Serotonergic projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe dorsalis to the nucleus parafasccicularis of the thalamus

By a double-labeling method combining the retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the immunocytochemical technique, serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) of the rat were observed to send projection fibers to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance. These serotonin-containing projecting neurons were observed mainly at the middle-caudal levels of the ventrolateral subdivision of the PAG and less at the middle-rostral levels of the DR.     

Focused helical appendiceal computed tomography: Technique and interpretation

This article reviews a focused helical appendiceal computed tomographic technique and discusses an approach to appendiceal computed tomographic interpretation.     

Various manifestations of hyperthyroidism in an ambulatory clinic: case studies

This study reviews five cases of women with hyperthyroidism, three black women and two Hispanic women. Initially, two patients presented with voice changes, weight loss, and increased appetite. Only two patients presented with classical symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Examination showed all patients had diffusely enlarged thyroids and exaggerated reflexes. Two patients showed Graves'' opthalmopathy.     

Direct solution to an optimal control problem of econometric systems

A direct solution is proposed to an optimal control problem of linear econometric systems with a quadratic welfare loss function when there are linear equality constraints on the control variables. The direct solution proposed here eliminates the problem of non-uniqueness of the optimal solution, which is present when this optimal control problem is solved using the recursive algorithm proposed by Chow,¹ Pindyck² and Tan.³ If a unique solution to the optimal control problem exists, then the direct solution and the recursive solution coincide.