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91.
We tested the hypothesis that pharmacological reduction of the increase in cardiac output during dynamic exercise with a large muscle mass would influence the cerebral blood velocity/perfusion. We studied the relationship between changes in cerebral blood velocity (transcranial Doppler), rectus femoris blood oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) and systemic blood flow (cardiac output from model flow analysis of the arterial pressure wave) as induced by dynamic exercise of large (cycling) vs. small muscle groups (rhythmic handgrip) before and after cardioselective β1 adrenergic blockade (0.15 mg kg?1 metoprolol i.v.). During rhythmic handgrip, the increments in systemic haemodynamic variables as in middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity were not influenced significantly by metoprolol. In contrast, during cycling (e.g. 113 W), metoprolol reduced the increase in cardiac output (222 ± 13 vs. 260 ± 16%), heart rate (114 ± 3 vs. 135 ± 7 beats min?1) and mean arterial pressure (103 ± 3 vs.112 ± 4 mmHg), and the increase in cerebral artery mean blood velocity also became lower (from 59 ± 3 to 66 ± 3 vs. 60 ± 2 to 72 ± 3 cm s?1; P < 0.05). Likewise, during cycling with metoprolol, oxyhaemoglobin in the rectus femoris muscle became reduced (compared to rest; ?4.8 ± 1.8 vs. 1.2 ± 1.7 μmol L?1, P < 0.05). Neither during rhythmic handgrip nor during cycling was the arterial carbon dioxide tension affected significantly by metoprolol. The results suggest that as for the muscle blood flow, the cerebral circulation is also affected by a reduced cardiac output during exercise with a large muscle mass. 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Following its benchmark discovery, nitric oxide (NO) is nowknown to play important functional roles in a variety of physiologicalsystems. Within the vasculature, NO induces vasodilation, inhibitsplatelet aggregation, prevents neutrophil/platelet adhesionto endothelial cells, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferationand migration, regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis) andmaintains endothelial cell barrier function. NO generated byneurons acts as a neurotransmitter, whereas NO generated bymacrophages in response to invading microbes acts as an antimicrobialagent. Because neurons, blood vessels and cells of the immunesystem are integral parts of the reproductive organs, and inview of the important functional role that NO plays in thosesystems, it is likely that NO is an important regulator of thebiology and physiology of the reproductive system. Indeed, inthe past 10 years, NO has established itself as a polyvalentmolecule which plays a decisive role in regulating multiplefunctions within the female as well as the male reproductivesystem. This review provides an overview of the role of NO invarious reproductive organs under physiological and pathologicalconditions. 相似文献
95.
J. Richard Jennings Maurits W. VAN DER Molen Riek J.M. Somsen Cynthia Terezis 《Psychophysiology》1990,27(4):385-395
The influence of inducing motor responses of low and high force at different times in the cardiac cycle was examined. A handgrip response was used which allowed the separation of response initiation from response completion. Based on earlier work, we expected initiation, rather than completion, to initiate poststimulus cardiac acceleration. We also thought that preparation for a high force response might alter preparatory changes of interbeat interval differently from preparation for a low force response. Fifteen college-aged male subjects performed a warned reaction time task in which a visual stimulus signalled a handgrip requiring either a high or a low force to close. NoGo trials in which an inhibit signal was presented occurred on 12% of the trials. Stimuli occurred either on the R-wave of the electrocardiogram or 300 ms later. Reaction speed was varied in different trial blocks by rewarding response times of 200 ms (+/- 50 ms), 300 ms, or 400 ms. Results based on the timing of response initiation were essentially identical to those based on the timing of response completion. High force relative to low force was associated with both earlier response initiation and earlier cardiac acceleration. Force did not alter preparatory cardiac deceleration. Force and response speed did, however, alter the level of heart rate after response occurrence. Thus, response initiation (or an earlier response process) appears to induce a cardiac acceleration whose level is influenced by the speed and force of the motor response. 相似文献
96.
C. DE GRAAF-IN'T VELD I. M. GARRELDS A. P. H. JANSEN A. W. VAN TOORENENBERGEN P. G. H. MULDER J. MEEUWIS R. GERTH VAN WIJK 《Clinical and experimental allergy》1995,25(10):966-973
Background Patients with perennial allergic rhinitis develop nasal symptoms not only after allergen exposure, but generally also after non-specific stimuli. Objective To evaluate the effect of 2 week's treatment with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) on the nasal clinical response, inflammatory mediators and nasal hyperreactivity. Methods Twenty-four rhinitis patients allergic to house dust mite (HDM). participated in a douhle-blind. placebo-controlled crossover study. After 2 week's treatment with placebo or 200 μg FPANS twice daily, patients were challenged with HDM extract. Symptoms were recorded and nasal lavages were collected for up to 9.5 h after challenge. Nasal hyperreaclivity was determined by histamine challenge 24 h later. Results Because of a carry-over effect for the immediate symptom score, for this variable only the data from the first treatment period were used. FPANS treatment resulted in a significant decrease of nasal symptoms with 70%. 69% and 63% after 100. 1000 and 10000 Biological Units (BU)/mL of HDM extract respectively. Active treatment resulted in a 76% decrease of the late-phase symptoms. FPANS treatment significantly reduced albumin influx after HDM 1000 BU/mL with 62% and tended to reduce tryptase release after HDM 1000 BU ml. (P 0.0629). During the late phase FPANS treatment reduced albumin influx with 67% and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) release with 83%. No effect of FPANS was seen on histamine levels. FPANS significantly decreased histamine-induced symptom score with 34%, secretion with 32%, and sneezes with 41%. Conclusion FPANS significantly inhibits the immediate and late allergic response, and nasal hyperreactivity, probably by suppressing mast cells and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa. 相似文献
97.
A. KIJLSTRA D. W. KNUTSON M. R. DAHA L. A. VAN ES 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》1979,10(5):421-429
The in vivo behaviour of well-defined immune complexes in rats was studied using complexes derived from DNP-conjugated bovine thyroglobulin (DNP-BTG) and purified specific goat anti-DNP IgG. Both clearance and glomerular localization were mainly dependent on the nature of the antigen. Soluble immune complexes formed with DNP17-BTG were cleared faster and showed a more marked localization in the glomerular mesangium than complexes formed with DNP3.4-BTG. A slight increase in the antibody to antigen ratio seemed to facilitate mesangial localization of soluble immune complexes. Insoluble immune complexes showed temporary localization as microemboli in the lumina of glomerular and peritubular capillaries. This study thus shows that not only the size and composition of the complexes but also the nature of the antigen within the complex can influence the clearance and organ localization of circulating immune complexes. 相似文献
98.
Sandford R; Sgotto B; Aparicio S; Brenner S; Vaudin M; Wilson RK; Chissoe S; Pepin K; Bateman A; Chothia C; Hughes J; Harris P 《Human molecular genetics》1997,6(9):1483-1489
PKD1 is the major locus of the common genetic disorder autosomal dominant
polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Analysis of the predicted protein
sequence of the human PKD1 gene, polycystin, shows a large molecule with a
unique arrangement of extracellular domains and multiple putative
transmembrane regions. The precise function of polycystin remains unclear
with a paucity of mutations to define key structural and functional
domains. To refine the structure of this protein we have cloned the genomic
region encoding the Fugu PKD1 gene. Fugu PKD1 spans 36 kb of genomic DNA
and has greater complexity with 54 exons compared with 46 in man.
Comparative analysis of the predicted protein sequences shows a lower level
of homology than in similar studies with identity of 40 and 59% similarity.
However key structural motifs including leucine rich repeats (LRR), a
C-type lectin and LDL-A like domains and 16 PKD repeats are maintained. A
region of homology with the sea urchin REJ protein was also confirmed in
Fugu but found to extend over 1000 amino acids. Several highly conserved
intra- and extra- cellular regions, with no known sequence homologies, that
are likely to be of functional importance were detected. The likely
structure of the membrane associated region has been refined with
similarity to the PKD2 protein and voltage gated Ca2+ and Na+ channels
highlighted over part of this area. The overall protein structure has
therefore been clarified and this comparative analysis derived structure
will form the basis for the functional study of polycystin and its
individual domains.
相似文献
99.
Significance of anti-nuclear and anti-extracellular matrix autoantibodies for albuminuria in murine lupus nephritis; a longitudinal study on plasma and glomerular eluates in MRL/l mice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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M C J VAN BRUGGEN C KRAMERS M N HYLKEMA R J T SMEENK J H M BERDEN 《Clinical and experimental immunology》1996,105(1):132-139
The relationship between autoantibody reactivities and nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unclear. We studied MRL/l mice which developed a considerable albuminuria (either mice with short (< 1 week) or heavy and prolonged (3 weeks) albuminuria) and compared them with non-albuminuric age-matched controls, with young (12 weeks old) non-albuminuric mice and with mice which were followed for 36 weeks and did not develop albuminuria. In a longitudinal prospective study on plasma samples we correlated a variety of anti-nuclear reactivities and reactivities against extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with the onset of albuminuria. We found that at the onset of albuminuria, anti-DNA was higher while anti-nucleosome and anti-H2A/H2B-DNA subnucleosome reactivities were lower compared with age-matched non-albuminuric mice. We also studied glomerular eluates of these mice in ELISA and in indirect immunofluorescence (IF). In the eluates we found with IF that anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM)-tubular basement membrane (TBM) antibodies were already present in 12-week-old non-albuminuric mice. These eluates showed no anti-nuclear antibodies. In eluates of albuminuric mice more immunoglobulin was deposited, and anti-ECM, anti-DNA and anti-nucleosome reactivities were higher than in eluates of age-matched non-albuminuric mice. The deposition of anti-nucleosome antibodies preceded the deposition of anti-DNA antibodies since they were deposited to a greater extent in mice with a short albuminuria. We conclude that anti-GBM-TBM antibodies are the first autoantibodies that deposit in glomeruli of MRL/l mice at an early age. The onset of albuminuria is associated with additional deposition of both anti-ECM and anti-nuclear (anti-nucleosome and anti-DNA) antibodies, but the difference with non-albuminuric mice seems to be more quantitative than qualitative. 相似文献
100.
Cellular mRNA expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4 and IL-10 relates to resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in young Lewis rats
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F-D SHI G-X ZHANG X-F BAI P-H VAN DER MEIDE H LINK 《Clinical and experimental immunology》1997,108(3):523-528
Age-related alterations in the immune system, including changes in lymphocyte subset composition, result in changes of cytokine patterns and might thereby influence the incidence and severity of autoimmune diseases. To investigate the age-related resistance to EAMG, an animal model for human MG, young (4-week-old) and adult (8–10-week-old) female Lewis rats were immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Adult Lewis rats showed severe weight loss and progressive muscular weakness after immunization, while young rats developed minor clinical signs of EAMG after a prolonged interval post-immunization. By comparison with adult rats, the young had lower AChR-specific T and B cells responses, and less muscle AChR loss. In situ hybridization performed on mononuclear cells (MNC) from lymph nodes revealed that young rats had lower levels of AChR-specific IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA-expressing cells compared with adult rats. Since IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 promote the development of EAMG, the low expression of these cytokines might contribute to EAMG resistance in young Lewis rats. 相似文献