国外头孢菌素市场浅析

目的 :评估国外头孢菌素的市场现状及发展趋势。方法 :对国外头孢菌素的销售、产品结构、研发及生产状况进行分析。结果与结论 :近年来 ,国外头孢菌素市场单品种销售额逐年减少 ,头孢菌素在抗生素中的优势地位逐年下降 ,今后的研发方向是广谱、高效、长效和口服制剂等。     

A comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia following gynaecological surgery with and without a background infusion

We conducted a randomised, controlled study to investigate the effect of adding a background infusion to patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative pain relief. Forty-two patients scheduled for elective lower abdominal gynaecological surgery received patient-controlled epidural analgesia postoperatively using a mixture of 0.2% ropivacaine and 2.0 microg x ml-1 fentanyl. Patients in group B (n = 20) were given a background infusion of 5 ml x h-1, whereas those in group N (n = 21) were not. There was no difference in pain scores or patient satisfaction scores between the two groups. Patients in group B had a higher total drug consumption (156.8 +/- 34.8 ml vs. 89.5 +/- 41.0 ml; p < 0.0001) and incidence of side-effects (71.4% vs. 30.0%; p = 0.007). Motor blockade during the 24-h study period was also greater in group B (median [range] area under the curve 7.5 [0.0-39.0] h vs. 3.0 [0.0-36.0] h; p = 0.035). We conclude that the addition of a background infusion to patient-controlled epidural anaesthesia is not recommended as it confers no additional benefits.     

Firebird冠脉涂膜支架系统生物学安全性评价研究

依据国家标准GB/T16175-1996,选择10项试验对Firebird冠脉涂膜支架系统进行生物学安全性评价[1],结果表明该支架系统的血液相容性良好,无全身毒性和细胞毒性,无热源性、致敏性、刺激性,也无遗传毒性,组织相容性尚可,是一种生物相容性优良的Firebird冠脉涂膜支架系统.     

内皮抑素治疗人喉癌裸鼠模型的实验研究

目的 研究内皮抑素对裸鼠喉鳞状细胞癌皮下移植模型的抑瘤作用,探讨其抑瘤机制及人喉癌生物治疗新方法。方法 建立人喉癌Hep-Ⅱ细胞株裸鼠皮下接种模型。应用内皮抑素治疗,观察肿瘤生长情况,对用药后肿瘤组织进行病理学检查,通用型二步法免疫组化检查及电镜观察。计数微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD),计算增殖细胞核抗原(proliferationg cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)和血管内皮生长因子(vascuoar endothelial growth factor,VEGF)阳性率。结果 在实验组与对照组之间,鼠净重、瘤重、瘤体积及瘤重/鼠净重,经t检验P值<0.05或<0.01,差异均有显著性意义,抑瘤率为45.9％。病理学检查及电镜观察表明,实验组应用内皮抑素治疗肿瘤生长受到抑制,细胞分裂少见,可见肿瘤细胞的坏死凋亡,新生血管明显减少。MVD、PCNA及VEGF表达在实验组明显低于对照组,经t检验P值分别为<0.01、<0.05、<0.05,差异均有显著性意义。结论 内皮抑素可显著抑制人喉癌裸鼠模型肿瘤的生长和发展,其可能机制为抑制肿瘤血管生成。     

Invasive middle ear cholesterol granuloma involving the basal turn of the cochlea with profound sensorineural hearing loss.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective surgical case review. SETTING: A tertiary-care, university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: The authors describe a unique case operated on for a middle ear cholesterol granuloma, which had invaded the cochlea and vestibule causing profound sensorineural deafness. INTERVENTIONS: Extended radical mastoidectomy and labyrinthectomy with musculofascial seal. RESULTS: Successful postoperative outcome with no recurrence seen after 2 years of follow up. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of a primary middle ear cholesterol granuloma with direct invasion into the cochlea. Such invasion of the otic capsule by cholesterol granulomas is rare and presents a diagnostic challenge to the attending otologist and radiologist. Salient points of the case history, pathogenesis, imaging studies, histopathology, and management are presented with a review of the current literature.     

微血管密度在声门上型喉鳞状细胞癌中的分布及其预后

目的 :研究微血管密度 (MVD)在声门上型喉鳞状细胞癌 (SGLSCC)中的分布及对预后的影响。方法 :应用CD31两步系统免疫组织化学染色方法研究 5 9例手术治疗的原发SGLSCC标本 ,并以 19例声带息肉(VCP)标本做良性对照。结果 :SGLSCC的间质中可见大量微血管存在 ,而VCP上皮下结缔组织中微血管数明显减少。Kendall等级相关分析表明 ,在SGLSCC各临床病理参数中 ,MVD仅与淋巴结转移有中等程度的正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。N0 与N 、SGLSCC与VCP间的MVD值差异经独立样本均数 t检验显示均有统计学意义 (均P <0 .0 1)。Kaplan Meier生存分析显示 ,MVD与SGLSCC患者术后累积生存率有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血管生成在肿瘤形成、侵袭与转移中有重要作用 ;MVD对颈淋巴结转移有预示作用 ;MVD与SGLSCC患者的预后有关。     

P~(27kipl)和PCNA基因表达及与膀胱癌生物学行为的关系

目的 :研究 PCNA基因和 P2 7kipl基因与膀胱癌生物学行为关系。方法 :采用免疫组织化学方法检测 5 0例膀胱移行细胞癌 (TCC)中的 PCNA、P2 7kipl基因的表达 ,分析各检测指标与膀胱移行细胞癌分级、临床分期间的关系。结果 :PCNA指数 PI均数在膀胱移行细胞癌中为 (48.9± 2 1.6 ) % ,PI均数随膀胱癌的分期、分级升高而升高。 P2 7kipl基因的阳性表达率为 5 8.0 % (2 9/ 5 0 )。其阳性表达率随膀胱癌的分期、分级升高而降低。 P2 7kipl蛋白阳性组中 PI均数显著低于 P2 7kipl蛋白阴性组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :联合检测 PCNA和 P2 7kipl基因表达有助于更准确解释和描述膀胱癌的生物学行为。     

经腹腔镜先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄手术

目的 探讨小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄腹腔镜微创手术操作要点及经验教训。方法 回顾性分析本组20例患儿全麻下经腹腔镜行幽门环肌切开术。结果 18例一次手术成功，1例术中中转开腹，1例3d后二次手术。全部病例随访2月，预后较好。结论 腹腔镜手术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄是腔镜技术在新生儿外科领域的成功运用，掌握操作要点，可推广使用。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定托拉噻米胶囊中托拉噻米的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定托拉噻米胶囊中托拉噻米的含量。方法以岛津Sh impack CLC(M)C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以甲醇-0.02 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH至3.0)(65∶35)为流动相,检测波长为UV291 nm,流速为0.9 ml.min-1。结果托拉噻米在2~24μg.ml-1范围内具有良好线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.73%,相对标准差为0.17%;三批样品的标示百分含量(%)分别为99.8、100.1及100.4。结论本方法准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于托拉噻米胶囊的含量测定。     

Tissue microarray: an effective high-throughput method to study the placenta for clinical and research purposes.

OBJECTIVE: Tissue microarray (TMA) technology allows simultaneous examination of the expression of many molecular markers (protein, mRNA, DNA, etc.) with high-throughput. The application of this technology, to date, has been largely confined to the study of cancer. Placental pathology poses unique challenges because of the size of the organ, its complex anatomy, as well as its histological heterogeneity. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficiency of TMAs for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of placental tissues. STUDY DESIGN: TMAs were constructed using an automated tissue arrayer. Standard 0.6-mm or 1-mm microarray needles were used. Villous parenchyma, basal plate, and chorioamniotic membranes were targeted in each block. Five mum-thick TMA sections underwent immunohistochemical analysis of both cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens using a panel of antibodies against a variety of cytoplasmic [cytokeratin-7, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and protein Z], membranous (endoglin), and nuclear (c-fos and c-jun) antigens. mRNA in situ hybridization for surfactant protein A (SP-A) and chromogenic in situ hybridization for the Y chromosome (DYZ1) were also performed. RESULTS: Validation of TMA immunoreactivity demonstrated comparable results with corresponding whole sections. When a two-tiered scoring system (positive/negative) was employed, there was agreement between two and three cores and whole tissue sections (kappa>0.7). When a three-tiered scoring system (negative, weak-positive, or strong-positive) was used, the data from three cores showed the highest agreement with whole tissue sections (kappa >0.7). In situ hybridization experiments for mRNA and DNA were also successful in that the signals were readily detectable. Successful transfer from the donor block to the recipient block differed according to the anatomical compartment. The transfer efficiency of villous parenchyma, basal plate, and chorioamniotic membranes were 96.9% (875/903), 76.7% (115/150), and 75.4% (224/297), respectively. CONCLUSION: TMA is a practical and effective tool for high-throughput molecular analysis of the human placenta. Duplicate and triplicate cores offer agreement with whole tissue sections for two-category distinction immunostaining. TMA also affords relevant results from in situ hybridization experiments for mRNA and DNA. The major advantages are the conservation of tissues and reagents, simultaneous comparison of molecular markers in different anatomical compartments of the placenta, and reduction of experimental error.