Comparative study of five different DNA fingerprint techniques for molecular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains.

The aim of this study was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of five DNA fingerprint methods for epidemiological typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the usefulness of (i) ribotyping, (ii) BOX fingerprinting with the BOX repetitive sequence of S. pneumoniae as a DNA probe, (iii) PCR fingerprinting with a primer homologous to the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence, (iv) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large DNA fragments, and (v) restriction fragment end labeling to detect restriction fragment length polymorphism of small DNA fragments. Twenty-eight S. pneumoniae strains isolated from the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid of 21 patients were analyzed. Genetic clustering among the 28 strains was independent of the DNA fingerprint technique used. However, the discriminatory power and the similarity values differed significantly among the individual techniques. BOX fingerprinting, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and restriction fragment end labeling provided the highest degree of discriminatory power. Furthermore, the ease with which computerized fingerprint analysis could be conducted also varied significantly among the techniques. Ribotyping, BOX fingerprinting, and restriction fragment end labeling were very suitable techniques for accurate computerized data analysis. Because of their high discriminatory potential and ease of accurate analysis, we conclude that BOX fingerprinting and restriction fragment end labeling are the most suitable techniques to type pneumococcal strains.     

Monocyte chemotactic protein expression during schistosome egg granuloma formation. Sequence of production, localization, contribution, and regulation.

The present study explored the role of murine monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) in the T cell-mediated hypersensitive granulomatous response to Schistosoma mansoni eggs. The study examined the time course of local production, contribution to cellular infiltration, and the role of T cells in endogenous regulation. Synchronized pulmonary granulomas were induced under conditions of primary and secondary states of immunity. Primer-directed polymerase chain reaction analysis showed increased MCP mRNA expression in granulomatous lungs, mainly in the secondary response. Levels of MCP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cultures of intact granulomas. Spontaneous MCP production was modest in primary granuloma cultures, reaching a maximum of 5.7 +/- 0.9 ng/ml by 16 days. In contrast, the secondary response showed augmented and accelerated production, achieving 13 +/- 2.0 ng/ml by 2 days. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the strongest MCP expression within microvascular adventitial cells or pericytes as well as in scattered mononuclear cells associated with granulomas. Staining was not detected in normal lungs. Passive immunization with anti-MCP-1 antibodies caused a 40% reduction in the secondary granuloma area but did not significantly affect the primary response. With adoptive cell transfer and T cell subset depletion, it was shown that Thy-1+ and CD5+ cells augmented, whereas CD8+ cells appeared to impair, MCP production. This provides direct evidence that MCP is involved in secondary Th2-mediated response to schistosome eggs and is subject to regulation by T cells.     

Mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium genavense in six pet birds.

Six cases of mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium genavense in three budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), one orange-winged amazon (Amazona amazonica), one flycatcher (Cyanoptila cyanomelana), and one zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) are discussed. Gross lesions associated with the infection included a high degree of muscular wasting (five cases), hepatomegaly (four cases), and thickening of the wall of the small intestine (four cases). Granulomas were found in the lung (one case) and the subcutis (one case). Acid-fast bacilli were detected in the liver of all six birds. Only the use of acidic BACTEC mediums consistently led to growth, whereas the egg-based medium failed. These findings point to a possible role of the environment as a reservoir for M. genavense.     

Behaviors and attitudes associated with eating disorders: perceptions of college athletes about food and weight

This study surveyed male and female athletes from 22 midwesterncolleges and universities regarding behaviors and attitudesassociated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The responserate was 66% (N= 695) and the findings indicated that the bodyimage of some athletes may be distorted; one-seventh perceivedthemselves as fat even though they were not. Many athletes seemedpreoccupied with food and weight; almost one-third reportedroutinely thinking about food and weight and more than one-thirdreported dramatic annual weight fluctuations (9 lb or greater)related to bingeing and fasting. Athletes also did not feelin control when they ate and their habits related to food consumptionappeared to be extreme; one-tenth reported a lack of controlwhen they ate, more than one-third binged, one-twentieth ateuntil they were physically ill, and a similar proportion preferrednot to eat in the presence of others. In addition, it was foundthat as many men as women athletes reported these perceptionsbut significant sex differences were noted for specific items.It was suggested that behaviors and attitudes be viewed on acontinuum with normals at one end, eating disordered individuals at the other end,and college athletes in between. Health education that focuseson behaviors and attitudes as symptoms of eating disorders wasrecommended for athletes and those working closely with athletes.Future research was suggested to determine reasons for the undesirablebehaviors and attitudes and to study the onset, development,long-term effects and whether these behaviors and attitudeslead to an eating disorder.     

Incidence of hypertension in the Framingham Study.

Incidence and trends in incidence of definite hypertension were analyzed based on 30 years follow-up of 5,209 subjects in the Framingham Heart Study cohort. Based on pooling of 15 two-year periods, hypertension incidence per biennium increased with age in men from 3.3 per cent at ages 30-39 to 6.2 per cent at ages 70-79, and in women from 1.5 per cent at ages 30-39 to 8.6 per cent at ages 70-79. No consistent trend in incidence rates was evident for either sex from the 1950s through the 1970s. The proportion of hypertensive subjects receiving antihypertensive medication has increased since 1954-58 and exceeded 80 per cent for both men and women ages 60-89 years in 1979-81. Incidence data presented in this report may serve as a baseline for assessing the impact of future public health efforts in the primary prevention of hypertension.     

Use of algal fluorescence for determination of phytotoxicity of heavy metals and pesticides as environmental pollutants

The phytotoxicity of heavy metals and pesticides was studied by using the fluorescence induction from the alga Dunaliella tertiolecta. The complementary area calculated from the variable fluorescence induction was used as a direct parameter to estimate phytotoxicity. The value of this parameter was affected when algae were treated with different concentrations of mercury, copper, atrazine, DCMU, Dutox, and Soilgard. The toxic effect of these pollutants was estimated by monitoring the decrease in the complementary area, which reflects photosystem II photochemistry. Further, the authors have demonstrated the advantage of using the complementary area as a parameter of phytotoxicity over using variable fluorescence yield. The complementary area of algal fluorescence can be used as a simple and sensitive parameter in the estimation of the phytotoxicity of polluted water.